State v. Norton

• Decision Date: 03 February 1976
• Docket Number: No. 186-74,186-74
• Citation: 353 A.2d 324,134 Vt. 100
• Parties: STATE of Vermont v. Gareth H. NORTON.
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court

Page 324

353 A.2d 324

134 Vt. 100

STATE of Vermont v. Gareth H. NORTON.

No. 186-74.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

Feb. 3, 1976.

Stephen W. Webster, Orange County State's Atty., Randolph, for plaintiff.

Robert Edward West, Defender Gen., and Robert M. Paolini, Deputy Defender Gen., Montpelier, for defendant.

Before BARNEY, C. J., and SMITH, DALEY, LARROW and BILLINGS, JJ.

DALEY, Justice.

The defendant was convicted of operating a motor vehicle upon a highway while under the influence of intoxicating liquor, in violation of 23 V.S.A. § 1201(a) (2).

The evidence introduced by the State showed that the defendant had been apprehended after the erratic operation of his vehicle, during which he knocked down a rural mailbox and struck a bridge. At the time he was apprehended, three enforcement officers observed his slurred speech, unsteady gait, watery and bloodshot eyes, and an odor of alcohol on his breath. Based upon these observations, the officers opined that he was under the influence of intoxicating liquor, and so testified over objection.

A chemical analysis of a breath test, taken approximately one hour after the defendant was apprehended, showed an alcohol level in his blood of .225 per cent. Testimony was then introduced by the State that, without the knowledge of when the last drink had been taken, it could not be said what percentage of alcohol an individual's blood contained at a time one hour prior to the administration of the test. No testimony was introduced by either the State or the defendant as to when the last drink had been taken.

Two issues are raised by the defendant in his appeal. He first claims that the opinions of the enforcement officers that he was under the influence of intoxicating liquor invaded the province of the jury. The objection made is that the stated opinions constituted conclusions upon an ultimate issue to be decided by the jury upon proper instructions given by the court; that they are equivalent to a conclusion that the defendant is guilty, and should not be allowed.

The defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence which supports the opinions given by the witnesses; no claim is made that evidence as to the odor of alcohol, bloodshot eyes, unsteady gait, slurred speech and other facts relating to the defendant's physical and mental condition, which was proffered by these same witnesses, is improper or insufficient to support the verdict. Nor would such a claim have availed the defendant here. The evidence formed a sufficient basis for the opinion that the defendant was under the influence of intoxicating liquors. See State v. Hedding, 114 Vt. 212, 42 A.2d 438 (1945).

It is noted that the issue is not whether testimony on the subject matter of intoxication is proper. The rule permitting a witness to testify that a defendant was intoxicated is well recognized in Vermont. See State v. Brown, 125 Vt. 58, 209 A.2d 324 (1965); State v. Coburn, 122 Vt. 102, 165 A.2d 349 (1960); State v. Demars, 118 Vt. 175, 102 A.2d 845 (1954). The defendant suggests, however, that there is a critical distinction between testimony depicting a person as intoxicated and testimony concluding that he is under the influence of intoxicating liquor. In short the distinction claimed is that the term 'intoxicated' is permissible as a characterization of an aggregate of facts or observations, whereas the phrase 'under the influence' is a legal conclusion, and impermissible.

These terms, however, have been found by many courts to be synonymous. See Annot., 42 A.L.R. 555, 556 (1926); 61A C.J.S. Motor Vehicles § 625(4). Black's Law Dictionary 4th rev. ed. defines intoxicated as 'affected by an intoxicant, under the influence of intoxicating liquor.' Indeed, this Court has used the terms interchangeably in cases involving 23 V.S.A. § 1201(a)(2) and its predecessor statutes. See cases cited supra.

The rationale for the sanction of the type of testimony admitted in the cases cited is found in Bates v. Sharon, 45 Vt. 474 (1872), in which the Court stated:

Where the facts are of such a character as to be incapable of being presented with their proper force to anyone but the observer himself, so as to enable the triers to draw a correct or intelligent conclusion from them without the aid of the judgment or opinion of the witness who had the benefit of personal observation, he is allowed, to a certain extent, to add his conclusion, judgment, or opinion.

Id. at 481. As stated, testimony on the question of intoxication is admissible in Vermont. If this be admissible, we find no persuasive reason why testimony on the question of whether a given individual is under the influence of intoxicating liquor, as defined in State v. Storrs, 105 Vt. 180, 163 A. 560 (1933), should be held inadmissible. The opinion testimony which was offered in the lower court is not, as claimed, a legal conclusion of the defendant's guilt, any more than is a witness's testimony which comprises all facts necessary for a conviction.

The credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony is the sole province of the jury. They may accept or reject, in whole or in part, the testimony of any witness. See State v. Connolly, 350 A.2d 364 (Vt.1975). Opinion evidence has no probative value greater than the reasons which support it. It does not establish a material fact as a matter of law and is not of controlling effect. Green Mountain Marble Co. v. State Highway Board, 130 Vt. 455, 464, 296 A.2d 198 (1972). And, a finding favorable to the party producing it is not mandated. International Assoc. of Firefighters v. City of Montpelier, 133 Vt. 175, 178, 332 A.2d 795 (1975).

The defendant's argument that the opinion testimony invaded the province of the jury in their determination of the ultimate issue conflicts with the unmistakable trend of authority that testimony should not be excluded solely because it amounts to an opinion as to the ultimate facts. In Baldwin v. Gaines, 92 Vt. 61, at 68, 102 A. 338 (1917), this Court, recognizing the rule advanced by the defendant in this case, stated that 'it will not do to accept this rule too literally.' Many forms of testimony go directly to the issues to be decided by the trier of fact, e. g., intoxication and value. The judge must decide whether such an objection is meaningful, or is merely 'empty rhetoric'. 7 Wigmore on Evidence § 1920, at 17 (1940). Consistent with this statement is the belief, to which we adhere, that testimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionably because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact. See Fed.R.E. 403. For these reasons, we are of the opinion that the trial court's admission, over objection, of the opinion testimony in question did not constitute an invasion of the province of the jury. No...