State v. Phillips
Citation | 247 Ga. 246,275 S.E.2d 323 |
Decision Date | 03 March 1981 |
Docket Number | No. 36863,36863 |
Court | Supreme Court of Georgia |
Parties | The STATE v. PHILLIPS. |
William F. Lee, Dist. Atty., Newnan, Marc E. Acree, Asst. Dist. Atty., LaGrange, for State.
Joseph H. Phillips, pro se.
Appellee was convicted of aggravated assault. The Court of Appeals,155 Ga.App. 509, 271 S.E.2d 656 reversed the conviction on the ground that On certiorari, we reverse.
Appellee's wife was a witness for the state. At the conclusion of her direct examination, the following transpired: After cross-examination of Mrs. Phillips was completed, the court and the district attorney had the following exchange: Subsequently, appellee took the stand and testified in his own defense.
Although the state contends that appellee was "free on bail," there is nothing in the record to support this contention. We shall therefore assume that appellee was in custody during trial.
1. Appellee asserts he "did not know he had a constitutional right to be present when his wife testified and no one advised him that he had that right." Thus, he argues, there could be no waiver of his constitutional right to be present during the cross-examination of his wife. See Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938).
(A.) We note at the outset that it is not entirely clear, as a matter of federal constitutional law, whether a criminal defendant accused of a felony and in custody may waive the right to be personally present during trial. In Lewis v. United States, 146 U.S. 370, 372, 13 S.Ct. 136, 137, 36 L.Ed. 1011 (1892), it is stated: In Diaz v. United States, 233 U.S. 442, 455, 32 S.Ct. 250, 253, 56 L.Ed.2d 500 (1912), the court stated: However, recent federal cases have questioned the "validity of the Lewis dictum ... in view of the subsequent adoption of (Federal) Rule (of Criminal Procedure) 43 and of the decision in Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 90 S.Ct. 1057, 25 L.Ed.2d 353 (1970)." United States v. Alper, 449 F.2d 1223, 1243 (3rd Cir. 1971); Wilson v. Harris, 595 F.2d 101, 104 (fn. 3) (2d Cir. 1979); State of Arizona v. Hunt, 408 F.2d 1086, 1096 (6th Cir. 1969); see also United States v. Brown, 571 F.2d 980, 986 (6th Cir. 1978). But see United States v. Crutcher, 405 F.2d 239 (2d Cir. 1968); Cross v. United States, 325 F.2d 629, 631 (D.C.Cir. 1963); Evans v. United States, 284 F.2d 393, 394 (6th Cir. 1960).
Our view is in accord with those federal decisions which have held that the dicta of Lewis and Diaz do not accurately reflect the current state of the law. Clearly, under the circumstances of this case, a blanket rule of non-waiver would be inappropriate. While appellee was, presumably, in custody and stood accused of a felony, he was in open court and represented by counsel. The only sense in which the state "controlled" appellee's absence was in its failure to raise any objection when appellee left the courtroom.
As appellee was capable of waiving his right to be present during the cross-examination of his wife, we must determine whether he had, in fact, done so.
(B.) "Confrontation rights are personal to the accused ..." Byrd v. Ricketts, 233 Ga. 779, 780, 213 S.E.2d 610 (1975); see also United States v. Johnson, 562 F.2d 649, 662 (fn. 5) (D.C.Cir.1976); United States v. Pinkney, 551 F.2d 1241, 1251 (fn. 60) (D.C.Cir.1976). "In order for the waiver of counsel to be binding on the defendant, it must be made in his presence or by his express authority, or be subsequently acquiesced in by him." (Emphasis supplied.) Wilson v. State, supra 212 Ga. at 77-78, 90 S.E.2d 557. Compare Webb v. State, 589 S.W.2d 89 (Mo.App.1979); State v. Sanders, 539 S.W.2d 458 (Mo.App.1976).
While the record in this case does not show that appellee was in the courtroom when counsel expressly waived appellee's presence during the cross-examination of his wife, it does affirmatively establish that appellee was present when the trial judge and district attorney recounted the events leading to his brief sequestration. At this time, appellee remained silent. Compare Wilson v. State, supra. In our view appellee acquiesced in counsel's waiver of his right to be present during the cross-examination of his wife. Wilson v. State, supra; Harwell v. England, 234 Ga. 640, 217 S.E.2d 154 (1975); Daugherty v. State, 225 Ga. 274, 168 S.E.2d 155 (1969).
(C.) Contrary to appellee's assertions, a waiver of confrontation rights is not necessarily precluded by the failure of the trial court to specifically inform the accused of his right to be present. Harwell v. England, supra 234 Ga. at 641, 217 S.E.2d 154. In Taylor v. United States, 414 U.S. 17, 94 S.Ct. 194, 38 L.Ed.2d 174 (1973), the accused, who was free on bond, absented himself from trial during recess and thereafter failed to appear. In affirming the conviction, the court held: Id. 414 U.S. at 20, 94 S.Ct. at 196; see also State v. Stout, 273 N.W.2d 621, 622-623 (Minn.App.1978); Dixon v. State, 357 So.2d 690, 699 (Ala.Crim.App.1978). In Illinois v. Allen, supra 397 U.S. at 343, 90 S.Ct. at 1060, it was held
Under the facts of this case, we cannot believe that appellee was unaware of his right to be present during the cross-examination of his wife. His trial began as follows: With the exception of appellee's brief absence during his wife's cross-examination, he was present throughout the trial of his case. His temporary absence appears to have been the product of a deliberate tactical decision made by counsel. 1 Appellee's acquiescence in counsel's express waiver was both "knowing" and "voluntary" (see United States v. Tortora, 464 F.2d 1202, 1208 (2d Cir. 1972); Taylor v. United States, supra) and his absence during the cross-examination of his wife is not ground for reversal. Wilson v. State, supra....
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Williams v. State
...or with his or her express authority, or if the accused subsequently acquiesces to the waiver made by counsel. State v. Phillips, 247 Ga. 246(1)(B), 275 S.E.2d 323 (1981); Wilson v. State, supra, 212 Ga. pp. 77-78, 90 S.E.2d 557. In the instant case, assuming without deciding that appellant......
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...defendant, it must be made in his presence or by his express authority, or be subsequently acquiesced in by him." State v. Phillips, 247 Ga. 246, 248, 275 S.E.2d 323 (1981). 8 While the record in this case does not affirmatively show that defense counsel's waiver of defendant's right to be ......
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...at the commencement of his trial. We have rejected a blanket non-waiver rule for capital defendants in custody. State v. Phillips, 247 Ga. 246, 275 S.E.2d 323 (1981). We hold that a defendant has a right to be present at his trial, but may waive that right, even in a death-penalty case. See......