State v. Reinhardt

• Decision Date: 01 May 1996
• Citation: 140 Or.App. 557,916 P.2d 313
• Parties: STATE of Oregon, Respondent, v. Mark Charles REINHARDT, Appellant. 93-03-31450; CA A83750.
• Court: Oregon Court of Appeals

Page 313

916 P.2d 313

140 Or.App. 557

STATE of Oregon, Respondent, v. Mark Charles REINHARDT, Appellant.

93-03-31450; CA A83750.

Court of Appeals of Oregon.

Submitted on Record and Briefs

June 12, 1995.

Decided May 1, 1996.

Appeal from Circuit Court, Multnomah County. Nely Johnson, Judge.

Jenny Cooke, Portland, filed the brief for appellant.

Theodore R. Kulongoski, Attorney General, Virginia L. Linder, Solicitor General, and Robert B. Rocklin, Assistant Attorney General, filed the brief for respondent.

Before RIGGS, P.J., and LANDAU and LEESON, JJ.

LANDAU, Judge.

Defendant appeals his conviction for possession of a controlled substance, ORS 475.992, assigning error to the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress. We reverse and remand.

In early 1993, an informant named Bullis told Detective Hennelly of the West Linn Police Department that he had been to a house where a woman named "Tammy" lived. Bullis gave the street name for the house and generally described its location and appearance. Bullis said that Tammy was buying stolen property at her house and that she paid for the stolen property using methamphetamine. Bullis said that on several occasions he had seen, at Tammy's house, both methamphetamine and property that he knew had been stolen. Bullis said that there was a man named "Rick" who would steal property in order to buy drugs at Tammy's house. Bullis also said that he saw at Tammy's house a man named "Troy," who frequented the house in order to trade stolen property for drugs. Bullis told the officer that "he is afraid" of the people at the house, because they are " 'biker type' people" whom he overheard "talking about their recent release from prison." Bullis also said that he had seen "one of the male subjects in the house wearing a handgun in a shoulder holster."

After Hennelly partially corroborated Bullis's information, a magistrate issued a warrant for a search of the house for methamphetamine. Hennelly and about five other officers went to the house to execute the warrant. Immediately upon entry, Hennelly saw defendant standing inside a bedroom doorway located near the living room of the house. Defendant was wearing a black "motorcycle-type" jacket and black boots. Hennelly ordered defendant "on the ground" and told defendant to put his hands behind his back. Defendant did so, and Hennelly then handcuffed him. After defendant was handcuffed, Hennelly did a "very cursory search on the back of his jacket" and then, along with the other officers, searched the house. After a few minutes, another officer assisted the handcuffed defendant to his feet in order to move him out of the way of the officers. As defendant was being "stood up," an officer saw a "small Ziplock baggie sticking out of his shirt pocket," which contained what appeared to be, and was, methamphetamine. Another officer seized the baggie.

Defendant was charged with possession of a controlled substance. ORS 475.992. He moved to suppress the search of his person "and the seizure of any and all evidence obtained as a result thereof." At the suppression hearing, defendant argued that the affidavit in support of the search warrant was unreliable. The trial court concluded that the affidavit was sufficient.

Defendant also argued that handcuffing him was unlawful. The state argued that that action was justified by the officers' safety concerns. Hennelly testified about the information provided by Bullis and about the execution of the warrant. He said that he was concerned for his safety, because Bullis said that he had earlier seen a man with a gun at the home, that Hennelly was afraid that the people he had seen at the house would "hurt him" and that they were

"biker-type people, and that they were ex-convicts, people on parole, people with a high propensity towards violence."

Hennelly also testified that, based on his experience and training, "violent" criminals go to "prison," that parolees have a "higher stake in losing their freedom" and are likely to react to an officer "[w]ith violence." Hennelly also testified that persons with tattoos are more likely to be associated with outlaw motorcycle gangs and are more likely to have been to prison, both possibilities making it more likely that they are armed. Finally, Hennelly explained that the reason for handcuffing defendant was

"[t]o ensure that we're not harmed, that he doesn't have any weapons secreted either on his person or in the immediate area of the house. We haven't secured the house, we've secured the people. We secure them until we have an opportunity to secure the house and assure us there are no weapons that are going to do any harm in there."

The trial court found that, had the officers not handcuffed defendant, "it is unlikely the officer would have noticed the baggy or discovered the baggy." The trial court also found that defendant "complied" with the officers' order "to raise his hands, lay on the ground, but not to move." Nevertheless, it concluded that "the police officers in executing the warrant did not exceed the force allowed" and denied the motion. Following a trial to the court, defendant was convicted.

Defendant appeals, assigning error to the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress. Defendant argues that the denial of his motion was erroneous for two reasons. First, he argues, the affidavit in support of the search warrant was constitutionally insufficient, because it failed to establish Bullis's credibility and the reliability of the information he supplied. Second, he argues, because handcuffing him constituted an unlawful seizure, any evidence that resulted from that handcuffing should have been suppressed. Because we agree with defendant on his second argument, we need not address his first.

Defendant argues that there was no justification for the police to handcuff him as they conducted their search of the house. To the state's argument that the handcuffing was necessitated by concerns for officer safety, defendant responds that there simply was no basis on which the officers reasonably could have believed that he posed an immediate threat to their safety. The state argues that handcuffing defendant was a permissible seizure justified as a reasonable safety measure. In support of that argument, the state relies on the following facts: (1) Bullis told Hennelly that he saw " 'biker type' people" at the house who "were talking about their recent release from prison"; (2) Hennelly knew from his training and experience that members of "outlaw" motorcycle gangs are often armed and involved with methamphetamine; (3) Hennelly saw that defendant had "extensive tattoos," and that made it "more likely" that he was either a member of a motorcycle gang or had been to prison and was, therefore, "potentially dangerous"; and (4) Bullis told Hennelly that he had seen a man at the house who had a gun in a shoulder holster.

In reviewing the trial court's decision, we are bound by its findings of historical fact if they are supported by the record. State v. Wilson, 120 Or.App. 382, 385, 852 P.2d 910, rev. den., 317 Or. 584, 859 P.2d 541 (1993). We review the court's legal conclusions for errors of law. State v. Lambert, 134 Or.App. 148, 151, 894 P.2d 1189 (1995).

In evaluating the use of force in executing search warrants, both statutory and constitutional limitations come into play. ORS 133.605(1) provides:

"The executing officer and other officers accompanying and assisting the officer may use the degree of force, short of deadly physical force, against persons, or to effect an entry, or to open containers, as is reasonably necessary for the execution of the search warrant with all practicable safety."

Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution does not prohibit an officer from taking

"reasonable steps to protect himself or others if, during the course of a lawful encounter with a citizen, the officer develops a reasonable suspicion, based upon specific and articulable facts, that the citizen might pose an immediate threat of serious physical injury to the officer or to others then present."

State v. Bates, 304 Or. 519, 524, 747 P.2d 991 (1987). In evaluating an officer's actions under both the statute and the constitution, our focus is on the reasonableness of the officer's actions in the light of "the circumstances as they reasonably appeared at the time" they were taken. Id. at 525, 747 P.2d 991.

Intuition and generalized fear do not give rise to reasonable suspicion of an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others present at a search. State v. Smay, 118 Or.App. 31, 34, 845 P.2d 1294 (1993); State v. Matthys, 106 Or.App. 276, 282, 808 P.2d 94, rev. den., 311 Or. 433, 812 P.2d 828 (1991); State v. Houghton, 91 Or.App. 71, 75, 754 P.2d 13 (1988); State v. Hicks, 89 Or.App. 540, 544, 749 P.2d 1221 (1988). The fact that an individual is attired in a black leather jacket and has long hair and a beard is "entitled to no weight" in the analysis. Bates, 304 Or. at 525, 747 P.2d 991. Nor is the fact that an individual is a "hard-core looking type of person," State v. Faccio, 114 Or.App. 112, 116, 834 P.2d 485 (1992), or that the individual is feared to be a member of a motorcycle gang. As we said in State v. Redmond, 114 Or.App. 197, 201, 834 P.2d 516 (1992),

"perceptions of the stereotypical practices of motorcycle club members is the kind of generalized suspicion that seldom will constitute a reasonable suspicion based on particularized facts."

Rather, there must be specific and articulable facts to justify the officer's conclusion that a particular person presents an immediate threat of harm. Smay, 118 Or.App. at 34, 845 P.2d 1294.

With the foregoing principles in mind, we turn to the state's asserted justifications for the handcuffing in this case. First, Bullis's report of " 'biker type' people" at the house, who wore "extensive tattoos" is insufficient; that much is clear. Bates, 304 Or. at 525, 747 P.2d...