State v. Sawyer
| Decision Date | 04 April 2018 |
| Docket Number | A162638 |
| Citation | 291 Or.App. 102,419 P.3d 800 |
| Parties | STATE of Oregon, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Kent Craig SAWYER, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Court | Oregon Court of Appeals |
Ernest G. Lannet, Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate Section, and Rond Chananudech, Deputy Public Defender, Office of Public Defense Services, filed the brief for appellant.
Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General, and Shannon T. Reel, Assistant Attorney General, filed the brief for respondent.
Before Lagesen, Presiding Judge, and DeVore, Judge, and James, Judge.
As defendant was moving from his rental home after his eviction, defendant's former landlords, the Ms, found that their car window had been shot out with a BB gun. Other former neighbors, the Bs, found that their bedroom window had been shot out by a BB gun. Two months later, another of defendant's former neighbors, T, discovered that his car windows had been shot out with a BB gun not long after a chance encounter with defendant. Believing defendant to be the culprit in each instance, the state charged him with three counts of second-degree criminal mischief, ORS 164.354. At trial, over relevance and OEC 403 objections by defendant, the court admitted 15 photographs depicting the poor condition in which defendant left the rental home when he vacated it. The jury convicted defendant on all counts. On appeal, he assigns error to the trial court's admission of the objected-to photographs, contending that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence without making the record required by State v. Mayfield , 302 Or. 631, 733 P.2d 438 (1987). On review for legal error, State v. Shaw , 338 Or. 586, 615, 113 P.3d 898 (2005), we agree. We therefore reverse and remand for the trial court to conduct its OEC 403 balancing in a manner that comports with Mayfield , and for such other proceedings that may be required as a result of that exercise.
As noted, the evidence at issue consists of 15 photographs taken of defendant's former rental home on the date that he moved out. The photographs depict a range of different things. Seven of the photographs fairly can be described as showing that defendant left the house in disarray, and with a fair amount of debris and garbage. Three of the photographs appear to depict faulty electrical wiring. One of the photographs is of defendant's motor home. The other four depict damage to the home's carpet, the garage floor, and a window.
At trial, defendant objected to the admission of the photographs, initially arguing that the fact that he left his rental home a mess was not relevant to anything at issue in the case. The trial court permitted defendant to examine defendant's former landlord about the content of the photographs to develop the record in support of his objection. Following that examination, defendant renewed his relevance objection. In addition, defendant argued that, even if the trial court determined that the photographs were relevant, they should be excluded as "unfairly prejudic[ial]." The court then asked the prosecutor to "state [his] position again as to why they should be received." The prosecutor responded that the evidence was relevant for three purposes: to show defendant's plan, motive, and identity:
Having heard the prosecutor's explanation of why the pictures were relevant, the court overruled defendant's objection:
On appeal, defendant assigns error to that ruling.1 He argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence without creating the record required by Mayfield . He further asserts that, if the trial court's record comports with Mayfield , it demonstrates that the court abused its discretion in concluding that the probative value of the evidence was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. The state responds that defendant did not preserve his argument that the trial court failed to develop the record in the manner required by Mayfield because defendant did not specifically alert the court of the need for a more developed record. The state further asserts that the court did not otherwise abuse its discretion in concluding that the probative value of the photographs was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
The state's preservation argument is foreclosed by State v. Anderson , 282 Or.App. 24, 386 P.3d 154 (2016), rev. allowed , 361 Or. 486, 395 P.3d 869 (2017), as the state acknowledges in its brief. Under Anderson , "a request that a court balance the probative value of evidence against the danger of unfair prejudice preserves for appeal a contention that the trial court erred under Mayfield either by failing to conduct the balancing required or by failing to make an adequate record of that balancing." State v. Ydrogo , 289 Or.App. 488, 491, 410 P.3d 1097 (2017) ; see State v. Easley , 290 Or.App. 506, 513 n. 3, 415 P.3d 90 (2018) (same); State v. Salsman , 290 Or.App. 346, 348, 415 P.3d 1099 (2018) (same); State v. Garcia-Rocio , 286 Or.App. 136, 141-42, 399 P.3d 1009 (2017) (same).
As to whether the trial court made the record required by Mayfield , we answer that question by considering "the totality of the attendant circumstances." State v. Conrad , 280 Or.App. 325, 330-31, 381 P.3d 880 (2016). Mayfield demands that a trial court engage in a four-part method of analysis: (1) "analyze the quantum of probative value of the evidence and consider the weight or strength of the evidence"; (2) "determine how prejudicial the evidence is, to what extent the evidence may distract the jury from the central question whether the defendant committed the charged crime"; (3) balance steps one and two; and (4) make a ruling "to admit all the proponent's evidence, to exclude all the proponent's evidence or to admit only part of the evidence." Mayfield , 302 Or. at 645, 733 P.2d 438. "Essentially, to comport with Mayfield , the court's record must do two things: (1) demonstrate that the court consciously conducted the required balancing; and (2) allow for meaningful review of that balancing." Ydrogo , 289 Or.App. at 492, 410 P.3d 1097 (emphasis in original).
Here, the record fails to demonstrate either of those things. As was the case in both Anderson and Garcia-Rocio , nothing the trial court said indicates that it engaged in the weighing process required by Mayfield ; the court stated simply that it was overruling the objection. See Anderson , 282 Or.App. at 31-32, 386 P.3d 154 (); Garcia-Rocio , 286 Or.App. at 142-46, 399 P.3d 1009 (). Additionally, this is not the "rare case" like Conrad in which the attendant circumstances supply the information that the trial court's words do not. See Conrad , 280 Or.App. at 332, 381 P.3d 880 (). Notably, here, in response to defendant's objection, the state did not even articulate an argument as to why the probative value of the photographs was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. That is significant because this is not a case in which the probative value of the evidence at issue so obviously outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice that it could be fairly inferred that the court engaged in conscious balancing and reached the obvious answer, at least in the absence of some articulated rationale from the state as to why it should reach a particular conclusion.
Finally, in all events, and perhaps most significantly, the trial court's record is inadequate to allow for meaningful appellate review of the court's assessment of the factors in the Mayfield calculus. The state advanced three theories as to why the 15 photographs were relevant. Yet the trial court offered no indication of which of the theories of relevance that it accepted, and no indication as to its thinking about whether the theories that it accepted called for the admission of all or merely some of the proffered photographs. See Mayfield , 302 Or. at 645, 733 P.2d 438 (...
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