State v. Smith

• Citation: 324 A.2d 62,129 N.J.Super. 430
• Parties: STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Paul B. SMITH, Defendant-Appellant.
• Decision Date: 02 August 1974
• Court: New Jersey Superior Court – Appellate Division

Page 430

129 N.J.Super. 430

324 A.2d 62

STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Paul B. SMITH, Defendant-Appellant.

Superior Court of New Jersey,

Appellate Division.

Argued June 17, 1974.

Decided Aug. 2, 1974.

Michael Suffness, Asst. Deputy Public Defender, for defendant-appellant (Stanley C. Van Ness, Public Defender, attorney).

Thomas P. Simon, Asst. Prosecutor, for plaintiff-respondent (Karl Asch, Union County Prosecutor, attorney).

Before Judges HANDLER, MEANOR and KOLE.

PER CURIAM.

From two sources the Elizabeth, New Jersey police received information that narcotics were being dispensed from an apartment occupied by one Robert Jackson located at 1065 Magnolia Street. One source of information was an anonymous telephone call; the other was an informer whose information had in the past led to arrests. Detective Arne Highsmith began a surveillance of the premises in an effort to garner sufficient factual data for a search warrant. While waiting in an unmarked car parked one the same side of the street as the building being watched, Highsmith saw a vehicle stop and double park on the opposite side of the street. While his two companions waited in the car defendant exited therefrom and entered the building which consisted of a store on the first floor and apartments on the two floors above. Highsmith recognized defendant and knew that he had an arrest record for narcotics violations. The detective also had information that Smith was currently a narcotics user and that he had been seen recently in areas under surveillance in connection with narcotics investigations.

When defendant entered the building Highsmith drove past the building in an effort to see which apartment Smith entered. He was unable to ascertain this, made a U-turn and stopped opposite the building at a point behind the double- parked car which was awaiting defendant's return. Smith remained in the building 10 to 15 minutes and then reentered the double-parked car. While occupying the rear seat Smith glanced around furtively. Since he was of the opinion that Smith had made a purchase of narcotics, Highsmith radioed for help while he followed the vehicle in which defendant, still looking about suspiciously, was a passenger. The vehicle was stopped, defendant was ordered out of it and a nonconsensual search revealed heroin concealed in one of his shoes.

Defendant's motion to suppress was denied and the propriety of that ruling is the only issue raised on this appeal.

The forceful search of defendant undertaken here cannot be justified as a search incident to an arrest, for Highsmith conceded that defendant was not under arrest at the time of the search. The arrest of defendant was subsequent to and dependent upon the search. Thus, this warrantless search can only be justified if it was made on probable cause under exigent circumstances that, as a practical matter, prevented expenditure of the time necessarily consumed in obtaining a warrant. State v. Hannah, 125 N.J.Super. 290, 310 A.2d 512 (App.Div.1973).

We deal first with the matter of exigent circumstances, for we have no doubt that such existed here. If there was probable cause to search Smith, promptness in acting thereon was essential, for the time expended to obtain a warrant would probably have permitted Smith to escape or consume the heroin or both. See State v. Hannah, Supra, which finds an exigent circumstance present because of the mobility of the automobile. See also, State v. Williams, 117 N.J.Super. 372, 285 A.2d 23 (App.Div.1971), aff'd o.b. 59 N.J. 535, 284 A.2d 531 (1971).

There is no mathematical precision to the concept of probable cause. The shorthand test is whether under the circumstances a prudent man would be warranted in the belief that a crime probably is being committed. While that belief may not rest on raw suspicion, it may rest on hearsay which has the aura of trustworthiness. Too, in determining whether probable cause exists, the specialized experience of the police may be taken into account. Here, Detective Highsmith had participated in over 1,000 narcotics arrests. Valuable discussions of probable cause from which the above principles are drawn may be found in State v. Kasabucki, 52 N.J. 110, 116--117, 244 A.2d 101 (1968); State v. Ebron, 61 N.J. 207, 294 A.2d 1 (1972); Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972) and Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 69 S.Ct. 1302, 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949).

Here we believe that Detective Highsmith had probable cause to believe that Smith had made a purchase of narcotics and was illegally in possession of them at the time of his exit from the premises under surveillance. Had there been no exigent circumstance, Highsmith could have obtained a warrant to search Smith based on the information in his possession. Since there was no realistic possibility of obtaining a search warrant without risking a probability of the disappearance of defendant and destruction of the object of the search, Highsmith was justified in proceeding to search without a warrant and to arrest on the basis of the search.

The combination of factors known to Highsmith, none of which alone would have provided a proper foundation for a finding of probable cause, when considered In toto, justify his search. The informant's information had an added manifestation of reliability since this person had in the past supplied information leading to arests. State v. Perry, 59 N.J. 383, 283 A.2d 330 (1971). See also State v. Ebron, 61 N.J. 207, 294 A.2d 1 (1972). The anonymous phone call, while not entitled to great weight, gives added credence to the idea that narcotics were being dispensed from 1065 Magnolia Avenue. Defendant's known narcotics record; his recent presence in areas being investigated...