State v. Smith

• Decision Date: 22 October 1982
• Docket Number: No. 54135,54135
• Citation: 232 Kan. 128,652 P.2d 703
• Parties: STATE of Kansas, Appellant, v. Daniel SMITH a/k/a Charles C. Stacy, Appellee.
• Court: Kansas Supreme Court

Page 703

652 P.2d 703

232 Kan. 128

STATE of Kansas, Appellant, v. Daniel SMITH a/k/a Charles C. Stacy, Appellee.

No. 54135.

Supreme Court of Kansas.

Oct. 22, 1982.

Syllabus by the Court

1. Ordinarily an appellate court will not consider an issue which has not been raised at trial, and upon which the trial judge has not had an opportunity to rule.

2. Where a party procures a court to proceed in a particular way and invites a particular ruling, he is precluded from assailing such proceeding and ruling on appellate review.

3. Ordinarily, in proceedings under the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act, habeas corpus is the appropriate vehicle which should be utilized if the defendant desires to challenge the validity of his or her arrest.

4. The identity of the person charged and his presence in the demanding state when the alleged crime was committed are issues which may be raised in an extradition proceeding; evidence that the accused was not in the demanding state when the offense was committed, though also tending to establish alibi, is admissible on both issues.

5. It is not necessary for the State to prove the exact date upon which an offense was committed, but it is sufficient if the State establishes that the offense charged was committed on or about the date alleged in the information, and within the statutory period of limitations next preceding the commencement of the prosecution.

6. Where in an extradition proceeding it is established that the accused lived near the city where the offenses were committed, and that he was in that vicinity within a few days before the dates on or about which it is charged that the offenses were committed, and he admits that he is the person charged, evidence that he was in Kansas on the specific dates charged is in itself insufficient to rebut the prima facie case made by the governor's grant of extradition.

Kyle G. Smith, Acting County Atty., argued the cause and Robert T. Stephan, Atty. Gen., and Jay W. Vander Velde, County Atty., were with him on the brief for appellant.

Duane D. Guy, of Guy, Helbert, Bell & Smith, Chartered, Emporia, argued the cause and was on the brief for appellee.

MILLER, Justice:

This is an appeal by the State under K.S.A. 22-3602(b)(3) from an order of the Lyon District Court in an extradition proceeding, refusing the Governor's Warrant and dismissing the action. The defendant, Daniel Smith a/k/a Charles C. Stacy, was charged with being a fugitive from justice under the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act (K.S.A. 22-2701 et seq.) based upon several complaints charging him with passing felony bad checks in the amount of approximately $14,500 in the State of New Hampshire.

Briefly, the facts are these. The Lyon county attorney filed a fugitive from justice complaint against the defendant in October 1981, based upon New Hampshire warrants for the defendant. A search warrant was also issued. The defendant was arrested and taken before the Lyon County District Court on October 14, 1981. A hearing was set on the Governor's Warrant for November 13, 1981. By that date, the Governor's Warrant had not been received and the matter was continued until January 4, 1982. At the November hearing counsel for the defendant indicated that he had substantial evidence, including both documents and witnesses, to show that the defendant was in Emporia, Kansas, at the time the bad checks were passed in New Hampshire. He gave the county attorney copies of the documentary evidence which he proposed to introduce and a list of proposed witnesses. Counsel and the court discussed the necessity of having a hearing on identity and agreed that the matter would be heard in January.

The Governor's Warrant was subsequently received, and on January 4, 1982, a hearing was held. The State presented the Governor's Warrant, to which were attached the extradition application of the county attorney for Coos County, New Hampshire, and affidavits of the investigating detective and Mary Ann Davis, a resident of Oxford County, Maine, which is just to the east of Coos County, New Hampshire. The latter affidavit identified defendant as the person shown in two photographs, which were attached, Also attached were certified copies of seven complaints charging Daniel L. Smith, alias Charles C. Stacy, of 116 South Rural, Emporia, Kansas, with uttering insufficient fund checks. Each complaint charges that the act was done "on or about December 23, 1980" or "on or about December 24, 1980." Also attached is a copy of a set of fingerprints of Dan L. Smith, a requisition or request for extradition from the Governor of New Hampshire, and his order appointing an agent to take and receive from the State of Kansas Daniel L. Smith a/k/a Charles C. Stacy and to convey him to the State of New Hampshire.

At the January 4 hearing, the State's only evidence was the Governor's Warrant, together with the attachments noted above. Defendant testified in his own behalf and acknowledged that he was the person charged with writing bad checks in the State of New Hampshire. He also stated that in 1980 he resided in the State of Maine, near the town in New Hampshire where the checks were allegedly passed. He testified and introduced documentary evidence to prove that he left that area on December 20, 1980, flew to Kansas, remained in Emporia for several days, and returned to Maine on December 27, 1980. At the close of the hearing, the trial court ruled as follows:

"Upon hearing the testimony present, upon examining the exhibits that have been offered raising the serious question of Mr. Smith being in Kansas and in this area on this particular date that these allegations are, that the defendant was supposedly in New Hampshire, the notice when this--when an identity hearing was given, being in November and an adequate time between then and now for New Hampshire to provide satisfactory identification or evidence to that extent and since they have come forward with none, I think that the only thing the Court can do is to dismiss the action, refuse the Governor's Warrant based upon that question of identity, whether the defendant is the person that's charged with the crime in New Hampshire. Because of no evidence presented by the State of New Hampshire and/or by the State of Kansas, I will refuse the Governor's Warrant, then, based upon that."

The State first contends that the trial court erred in holding a hearing on the issue of identity, since the defendant failed to file a petition for a writ of habeas corpus as provided in K.S.A. 22-2710. That statute is a part of the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act, as enacted in Kansas. K.S.A. 22-2710 reads:

"Rights of accused person; application for writ of habeas corpus; notice. No person arrested upon such warrant shall be delivered over to the agent whom the executive authority demanding him shall have appointed to receive him unless he shall first be taken forthwith before a judge of a court of record in this state, who shall inform him of the demand made for his surrender and of the crime with which he is charged, and that he has the right to demand and procure legal counsel; and if the prisoner or his counsel shall state that he or they desire to test the legality of his arrest, the judge of such court of record shall fix a reasonable time to be allowed him within which to apply for a writ of habeas corpus. When such writ is applied for, notice thereof, and of the time and place of hearing thereon, shall be given to the prosecuting attorney of the county in which the arrest is made and in which the accused is in custody, and it shall be the duty of the prosecuting attorney to notify said agent of the demanding state."

At the defendant's initial hearing, he waived the formal reading of his rights and the complaint, and no mention was made of the provisions of K.S.A. 22-2710 in open court. Defendant did not formally file a petition for writ of habeas corpus. He announced, at the November hearing, that he desired a hearing on the question of identity, and his attorney stated that prior to the hearing he had notified the county attorney of the witnesses defendant would call for the identity hearing, and had disclosed the documents which he would offer in evidence. At the hearing on January 4, 1982, the identity hearing proceeded before the court without objection from the State. No mention was made of the need to file a petition for writ of habeas corpus. The State raises that issue for the first time on appeal. It contends that habeas corpus is the only way to challenge a warrant for extradition, and that the trial court erred in hearing evidence on identity in the proceeding before it. The defendant admits that the statute was not followed insofar as the filing of a petition for habeas corpus is concerned, but contends that the State had adequate notice of the proposed hearing, appeared and took part therein, and in effect waived any objection to the procedure.

Under the terms of the statute, it is clear that the appropriate and accepted method of attack is by application for writ of habeas corpus. Many courts have held that a hearing on the legality of the prisoner's detention can be had only when he or she has applied for a writ of habeas corpus. See Osborne v. Van Cleave, 166 Colo. 398, 443 P.2d 988 (1968); Capra v. Miller, 161 Colo. 448, 451, 422 P.2d 636 (1967); Krutka v. Bryer, 150 Colo. 293, 372 P.2d 83 (1962); In re Kjeldsen, 39 Misc.2d 128, 240 N.Y.S.2d 71 (1963); and Huddleston v. Costa, 314 F.Supp. 278, 280 (W.D.Pa.1970). We find no contrary authority; however, we have found no case factually similar to the one before us where both parties, without objection, proceeded with an "identity" hearing in the absence of an application for habeas corpus.

It is well established that ordinarily an appellate court will not consider an issue which has not been raised at trial, and upon which the trial judge has not had an opportunity to rule. Boswell, Inc.,...