State v. Smith

• Decision Date: 08 February 1988
• Docket Number: No. 87-KA-620,87-KA-620
• Citation: 520 So.2d 1305
• Parties: STATE of Louisiana v. Darrell SMITH.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Louisiana — District of US

Page 1305

520 So.2d 1305

STATE of Louisiana v. Darrell SMITH.

No. 87-KA-620.

Court of Appeal of Louisiana Fifth Circuit.

Feb. 8, 1988.

John M. Mamoulides, Dist. Atty., Guy Deloup, Dorothy A. Pendergast, Asst. Dist. Attys. (Louise Korns, of counsel), Gretna, for plaintiff-appellee.

Philip E. O'Neill, Gretna, for defendant-appellant.

Before KLIEBERT, GRISBAUM and GOTHARD, JJ.

KLIEBERT, Judge.

Defendant Darrell Smith was charged by bill of information with armed robbery in violation of LSA-R.S. 14:64. After trial before a twelve person jury he was found guilty as charged and sentenced to seven years at hard labor. Defendant appeals and urges five assignments of error. We affirm his conviction and sentence.

About 10:45 P.M., on June 21, 1986 Mr. Walter Gordon, the night manager of an A & P Food Store, placed $11,000.00 in cash, checks and food stamps in a bank deposit bag, placed the deposit bag in a brown paper bag and, along with Mr. Benjamin Thompson, a plain clothes security guard for the store, walked across the parking lot to make a deposit in a nearby bank. A black male, brandishing a silver-colored revolver, appeared out of an alleyway at the rear of the bank and ran toward them. Gordon threw down the paper bag and lay face down on the ground. Thompson fled to the front of the bank. The gunman picked up the bag of money and escaped on foot.

Two days later an anonymous caller informed the manager of the A & P Food Store he witnessed the robbery and recognized the perpetrator as a former security guard at the store named Darrell Smith. The manager relayed the information to the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office. Investigating officers secured a photograph of Smith and included it in a five-photo lineup which was presented to Gordon and Thompson. Gordon was unable to make an identification; Thompson immediately identified Smith as the gunman and wrote "confident" on the back of the photograph. After Smith's arrest police searched his apartment and found a silver plated automatic, a blue steel revolver, and an empty weapons box for a .357 silver-colored revolver. No cash, checks, or food stamps were recovered.

In his first assignment of error defendant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the photographic identification and in allowing the state to introduce the photographs into evidence at trial. Defendant does not object to the identification procedure but rather contends the number of photographs in the lineup and the dissimilar features of the subjects depicted "focused" Thompson's attention on the defendant.

A defendant who seeks to suppress an identification must prove that the identification itself was suggestive and that there was a likelihood of misidentification as a result of the identification procedure. State v. Lowenfield, 495 So.2d 1245 (La.1985); State v. O'Neal, 478 So.2d 1311 (5th Cir.1985). Photographs employed in a lineup are suggestive if they display a defendant so singularly that the witness' attention is unduly focused on the defendant. State v. Smith, 430 So.2d 31 (La.1983); State v. Medford, 489 So.2d 957 (5th Cir.1986). Strict identity of physical characteristics among the persons depicted in the photographic array is not required; all that is required is a sufficient resemblance to reasonably test the identification. Smith, supra; Medford, supra. This determination is made by examining articulable features of the pictures such as height; weight; build; hair color, length and texture; facial hair; skin color and complexion; and the shape and size of the nose, eyes, lips, etc. State v. Guillot, 353 So.2d 1005 (La.1977); State v. Medford, supra.

That five photographs were used in the lineup is not in and of itself indicative of suggestiveness. The jurisprudence is replete with cases where lineups containing five and even four photographs were upheld. See State v. Smith, supra (5 photographs); State v Medford, supra (5 photographs); State v. Franklin, 279 So.2d 163 (La.1973) (4 photographs). Moreover, we have viewed the photographs and find they display a sufficient similarity between the subjects depicted to reasonably test the identification. The subjects depicted are black males with full facial hair, of apparently the same age group, with hair of similar length. ¹ Although some of the subjects appear to have lighter complexions than others (whether due to lighting or natural coloration) at least two or three photographs could have been the defendant. This was a sufficient number to test the identification. Guillot, supra.

Even should the identification be considered suggestive, this alone does not violate due process, for it is the likelihood of misidentification which violates due process, not merely the suggestive identification procedure. Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977); State v. Lowenfield, supra. In discussing this principal in Manson, supra, 432 U.S. at 114, 97 S.Ct. at 2253, the United States Supreme Court held:

"We therefore conclude that reliability is the linchpin in determining the admissibility of identification testimony for both pre- and post-Stovall confrontations. The factors to be considered are set out in [Neil v.] Biggers, 409 U.S. , at 199-200, 93 S.Ct. , at 382 . These include the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witness' degree of attention, the accuracy of his prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated at the confrontation, and the time between the crime and the confrontation. Against these factors is to be weighed the corrupting effect of the suggestive identification itself."

The area where the robbery took place was well lit. Thompson noticed the gunman as he walked behind the bank and swung wide of the building to get a better view, at which time the gunman ran toward him. Thompson had an "eye-to-eye" view of the gunman for five or six seconds before he turned and ran. As a trained security guard Thompson was conscious of the necessity of remembering what the gunman looked like, and his attention was obviously riveted to the gunman. Thompson's original description of the gunman was a black male, 25 to 30 years old, 5'9" tall, 190 to 200 pounds, large build. The defendant's actual height is 5'5" and he weighs 220 pounds. Thompson also made a positive identification in court. Thompson was not informed a suspect was in the stack of photographs. He was "confident" at both the pretrial identification and trial that the defendant was the gunman. The pretrial identification was made only eight days after the robbery.

Weighing these indicia of reliability against any possible suggestiveness in the identification, it is clear there is not a significant chance of misidentification.

Accordingly, this assignment of error is meritless.

In his second assignment defendant contends the trial court erred in overruling his objection to the selection of a second petit jury venire from the same general jury venire from which the first petit jury was selected. The first petit jury was dismissed after defendant's motion for a mistrial due to a reference to other crimes was granted. At the state's request the court ordered the clerk to immediately draw fifty new jurors from the general jury venire. Defendant contends this procedure was improper because it (1) diluted the number of blacks on the jury and deprived defendant of a jury composed of a fair cross-section of the community, and (2) created the danger of communication of defendant's prior arrest record to the general jury venire by the dismissed jury panel members.

The record reveals defendant did not really object to the procedure but rather stated it was "dangerous" and "all right by me." The record also reflects the court prevented the second petite jury venire from communicating with the dismissed jury panel by keeping the jury panel in the jury room until the fifty prospective jurors were brought into the courtroom. None of the prospective jurors on the first petit jury venire were recalled. During voir dire the second group of prospective jurors denied any knowledge of the case. Defendant's charge of intermingling between the dismissed jury panel and the prospective jurors is refuted by the record evidence.

Defendant did not raise the fair-cross section argument in the trial court. A new ground of objection cannot be presented for the first time on appeal. La.C.Cr.P. Article 841; State v. Burdgess, 434 So.2d 1062 (La.1983). Moreover, a general jury venire or petit jury venire shall not be set aside for any reason unless fraud has been practiced or some great wrong committed that would work irreparable injury to the defendant. La.C.Cr.P. Article 419; State v. Perry, 420 So.2d 139 (La.1982). A defendant has the burden of establishing fraud or irreparable injury in the jury selection process. State v. Brown, 414 So.2d 726 (La.1982).

Because defendant did not raise the fair cross-section argument in the trial court the record does not contain evidence as to the racial composition of the jury. Nor does defendant presume to inform the court as to the number of black persons available on the second petit jury venire or actually on the second petit jury. He only alleges "approximately" seven blacks were available on the first petit jury venire. Defendant fails to establish the second petit jury venire and the second petit jury did not represent a fair cross-section of the community.

This assignment of error is meritless.

In his third assignment defendant contends the trial court erred in overruling an objection to what defendant characterizes as opinion evidence offered by the state through the testimony of Detective Leslie Jones. The specific question to which defendant objected concerned the percentage of armed robbery cases investigated by Detective Jones in which the weapon was recovered. The question was relevant because the weapon was not recovered...