State v. Storms
| Citation | 85 N.W. 610,113 Iowa 385 |
| Parties | THE STATE OF IOWA v. A. D. STORMS, Appellant |
| Decision Date | 11 April 1901 |
| Court | Iowa Supreme Court |
Appeal from Louisa District Court.--HON. W. S. WITHROW, Judge.
DEFENDANT was indicted, tried, and convicted of the crime of murder. The jury fixed his punishment at imprisonment for life, and from the verdict and judgment defendant appeals.
Affirmed.
Babb & Babb and Palmer & Kopp for appellant.
C. W Mullan, Assistant Attorney General, and Chas. A. Van Vleck Assistant Attorney General, for the State.
The conviction was secured largely on alleged confessions made by defendant to the chief of police of the city of Burlington, at which place the crime was commuted; and to the county attorney of Des Moines county. It is strenuously insisted that the court erred in admitting these confessions in evidence, for that the same were not free and voluntary but were extorted by coercion, torture, threats, and promises. The facts relied upon to establish the voluntary character of the confession are, in substance, as follows: The crime is said to have been committed on Sunday evening, January 23, 1898. Defendant was at that time 28 years of age, and had had considerable business and other experience. He was arrested Saturday, January 29th, at about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, and taken to the police station. There he was placed in a cell about 6x8 feet, which was devoid of furniture, and had nothing for a bed except two boards nailed together and supported at either end by cleats. Here he was kept until the alleged confession was made, some time about half past 4 o'clock the following Monday morning. About 10 o'clock Saturday evening he was taken to the office of the chief of police, and there examined by the mayor and other officers of the city regarding his whereabouts on the Sunday and Monday previous. The chief of police was absent from the city, and did not return until about 11:30 on Saturday evening. On his return he went immediately to his office, where defendant and others were. He (the chief) soon learned that defendant and some five others were arrested for the crime, and was told regarding the examination of the defendant by the mayor and others. During the night, Greiner, the chief of police, had all the suspects before him from time to time, and he examined and cross-examined the defendant regarding his whereabouts before, at the time of, and after the crime is said to have been committed. At the first or second examination defendant was thoroughly searched, and his undershirt was taken from him and kept for use as evidence. A pocket-knife was also taken from him, as we understand it, but this was not done until he made his confession. Sunday forenoon the defendant was again brought into the presence of the chief of police, and again catechized regarding his whereabouts at different times at and about the time the crime is said to have been committed. As we understand it, he was brought before the chief of police twice Sunday morning, and about the same questions asked each time. Defendant was slow about answering, sometimes delaying for more than 15 minutes. Sunday afternoon defendant was again brought before the chief of police, and, after going through much the same process, the chief, about 4:30 o'clock in the evening, took the defendant to the morgue where the dead bodies of the victims of the murder were lying. He was handcuffed when he left the office, and so remained until he was returned to the jail. With the chief of police and defendant were two of the city aldermen. The morgue was about three blocks from the jail, and the bodies of the murdered women were lying in the second story of the building, which was used as a morgue. Defendant was taken past the bodies which were lying close to him, and no doubt all present closely scrutinized his manner and demeanor at the time. After the return from the morgue defendant was again taken to the chief's office, and kept there until about dark, when he was returned to his cell. As he was being conducted to his cell, he asked the chief to step to one side, and said he wanted to talk with him. He (the chief) responded that he had been talking with him "a whole lot," "and you are contradicting yourself, and if you will talk to me right I will talk to you." About 11 o'clock Sunday evening defendant was again taken before the chief of police, and remained in his room until 4:30 or 5 o'clock Monday morning. Shortly after coming before the chief the last time he asked him (the chief) why it would not be just as well to plead guilty or "say he was guilty." The chief said: "No; that the wanted to know if anyone else was implicated in the crime." Very much talk was indulged in from that time until the confession is said to have been made, very little of which is material, save that defendant asked to see an attorney, and said that if the attorney advised him to tell about the crime he would do it. The chief said the attorney would be there Monday morning to see him. The attorney had been there on Sunday, as we understand it, but was not allowed to have any private conversation with him (the defendant). He did tell the defendant, however, that he (the attorney) had been employed to look after his (defendant's) interests. During the Sunday night interview the chief showed the defendant some old revolvers and other relics that he had in his office. Shortly after making the remark regarding his attorneys, defendant grew sullen, and refused to talk. The chief thereupon got up to go out of the room, and defendant him back. In a short time the defendant made a confession regarding his connection with the affair, and gave all the details thereof. The chief cross-examined him while the confession was being made, and at its conclusion sent for Mr. Clark, the county attorney. The county attorney came as soon as he could after being called, and when he came the defendant was informed that he was the county attorney, and for him to make his statement, that it might be taken in writing. Defendant gave an account of his whereabouts on the Sunday the crime is said to have been committed, but did not fully state all the matters he had related to the chief of police, and Mr. Clark arose, put on his overcoat, and started to leave, when defendant said, "Hold on; I will tell you all about it." Shortly thereafter he made a full confession to Clark, which was taken down in writing, sworn to by defendant, and witnessed by two witnesses. It is this confession, as well as the oral one made to the chief of police, which is claimed was involuntarily made. The written confession was read over to defendant at least twice, and Clark asked him several times before he made it if it was his free and voluntary act, and if any promises or inducements were held out to him to induce him to make it; to which he responded there were no inducements, and that it was his free and voluntary act. Something was said about defendant's attorney, and he was informed that his attorney would be there in the morning. There is a conflict in the evidence regarding defendant's condition the next morning, and, in view of this conflict, we cannot say there was anything in his after appearance indicating that the confession was involuntary.
Such in brief, is the testimony relating to the confession. The trial court heard it at first, the jury being excluded, and, finding that the confessions were prima facie admissible, directed the jury to be recalled, and all the evidence relating to the confession was read in its presence.
The question of law presented, and the only one for our consideration, relates to the admission of these confessions in evidence. It is evident there were no promises or other inducements held out to defendant to elicit a confession. His statements, oral and written, if not voluntary, were brought about through fear or torture, and it is with that question we have to deal. Confessions which are not voluntarily made but are extorted through hope or fear caused by inducements held out to the prisoner, are not competent evidence against him. Whether confessions proposed to be introduced in evidence against a prisoner are of the character just indicated is a question to be determined by the court. State v. Fidment, 35 Iowa 541. But where there is a conflict of evidence, and the court is left in doubt on the question, the inquiry should be left to the jury, with the direction to disregard and reject the confession, if, upon the whole evidence, they are satisfied that the confession was obtained through improper influences. Com. v. Cuffee, 108 Mass. 285; People v. Howes, 81 Mich. 396 (45 N.W. 961; Burdge v. State, 53 Ohio St. 512 (42 N.E. 594). Where the confession appears on its face to be free and voluntary, as the one made by the defendant in this case, the burden is on the defendant to show that it is incompetent. Rufer v. State, 25 Ohio St. 464. In the absence of such a showing, the weight of authority seems to be that, when there is a general objection that the confession was made under promises, threats, or fear, the burden is on the state to show that it was freely and voluntarily made. Bradford v. State, 104 Ala. 68 (16 So. 107); People v. Rodriguez, 10 Cal. 50. Adjuration to tell the truth is not sufficient to justify the rejection of the confession. Sparf v. U. S., 156 U.S. 51 (15 S.Ct. 273, 39 L.Ed. 343); Com. v. Preece, 140 Mass. 276 (5 N.E. 494); King v. State, 40 Ala. 314. The fact that the confession was induced by artifice, deception, or fraud will not exclude. People v. Barker, 60 Mich. 277 (27 N.W. 539); State v. Staley, 14 Minn. 105 (Gil. 75); Heldt v. State, 20 Neb. 492 (30 N.W. 626). Fear of ultimate consequences of the crime will not be sufficient. ...
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