State v. Strong

• Decision Date: 04 March 2009
• Docket Number: No. DA 08-0199.,DA 08-0199.
• Citation: 2009 MT 65,203 P.3d 848
• Parties: STATE of Montana, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Joshua Wayne STRONG, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: Montana Supreme Court

203 P.3d 848

2009 MT 65

STATE of Montana, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Joshua Wayne STRONG, Defendant and Appellant.

No. DA 08-0199.

Supreme Court of Montana.

Submitted on Briefs January 7, 2009.

Decided March 4, 2009.

For Appellant: Robin A. Meguire, Attorney at Law, Great Falls, Montana.

For Appellee: Hon. Steve Bullock, Montana Attorney General; Jennifer Anders, Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana, Kendall Link, McCone County Attorney, Circle, Montana.

Justice BRIAN MORRIS delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶ 1 Joshua Strong (Strong) pled guilty to two counts of burglary, the Seventh Judicial District Court, McCone County, adjudged him to be a criminally convicted youth, and committed to the Montana Department of Corrections (DOC) for eight years, for each count, with two years suspended. The sentences were to run concurrently. After serving nearly four years in prison, Strong challenged the legality of his sentence. The District Court affirmed its previous sentence. Strong appealed and we affirm.

¶ 2 The appeal presents the following issue: Whether Strong's sentence to the Department of Corrections is illegal.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶ 3 The State charged Strong in July of 2002, age 17 at the time, with two counts of felony burglary. The State moved, pursuant to § 41-5-206(1)(b)(vii), MCA, to transfer these charges to district court, despite the fact Strong was a youth. The court approved the transfer. The State also filed theft charges in Youth Court. These charges did not fall within § 41-5-206(1)(b), MCA.

¶ 4 Strong entered a plea of guilty to the felony burglary charges in exchange for the dismissal of the theft charges. The District Court sentenced Strong in October of 2003 as a criminally convicted youth pursuant to §§ 41-5-206 and 41-5-2503, MCA. The court committed Strong to the DOC for eight years, with two years suspended on each count, with the counts running concurrently.

¶ 5 In 2007, while serving his sentence at the Montana State Prison (MSP), Strong learned that his sentence might be illegal as the court had committed him to the DOC for more than five years. He wrote a letter to the District Court requesting counsel. The court appointed counsel and the parties filed briefs.

¶ 6 Strong argued that the sentencing court imposed an illegal sentence when it failed to suspend all but five years of his DOC commitment. The State countered that the five year limitation in § 46-18-201(3)(d)(i), MCA, for DOC commitments did not apply to a youth transferred to district court under § 41-5-206, MCA. The court affirmed the original sentence. Strong appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶ 7 We review a sentence imposed in a criminal case only for legality. Adams v. State, 2007 MT 35, ¶ 21, 336 Mont. 63, 153 P.3d 601. We may review the legality of a sentence under certain circumstances "even if no objection is made at the time of sentencing." State v. Lenihan, 184 Mont. 338, 343, 602 P.2d 997, 1000 (1979). The Lenihan rule may apply to constitutional challenges of criminal sentences. State v. Garrymore, 2006 MT 245, ¶ 15, 334 Mont. 1, 145 P.3d 946. The constitutionality of a sentencing statute presents a question of law that we review de novo. In re S.L.M., 287 Mont. 23, 32, 951 P.2d 1365, 1370 (1997).

DISCUSSION

¶ 8 Strong raises for the first time on appeal the issue of whether § 46-18-201(3)(d), MCA, violates his right to equal protection. In particular, he cites to the discrepancy in the way that the statute treats adults and criminally convicted youths for purposes of DOC commitments.

¶ 9 Section 46-18-201(3)(d), MCA, provides a sentencing court with the option of a DOC commitment. For an adult offender, however, "all but the first five years of the commitment to the department of corrections must be suspended." Section 46-18-201(3)(d)(i), MCA. By contrast, for a youth transferred to district court under § 41-5-206, MCA, and found guilty in the district court of an offense enumerated in § 41-5-206(1)(b), MCA, the court may require a DOC commitment "for a period determined by the court for placement in an appropriate correctional facility or program." Section 46-18-201(3)(d)(ii), MCA. The statute exempts youths transferred to the district court under § 41-5-206, MCA, from the limitation on the length of the DOC commitment. Strong contends that the exemption in the statute regarding DOC commitments for youths violates both the Equal Protection Clause found in the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and the Montana counterpart contained in Article II, § 4, of the Montana Constitution.

¶ 10 We must address whether Strong can raise his constitutional challenge for the first time on appeal. This issue incorporates the scope of the Lenihan exception to our prohibition to raising an issue for the first time on appeal.

¶ 11 Our decision in Lenihan permits a defendant to challenge the legality of his sentence for the first time on appeal. State v. Ellis, 2007 MT 210, ¶ 7, 339 Mont. 14, 167 P.3d 896. In so doing, however, we have differentiated between an "illegal" sentence and an "objectionable" sentence. For example, in State v. Heddings, 2008 MT 402, ¶¶ 19-20, 347 Mont. 169, 198 P.3d 242, the defendant failed to object at sentencing to the district court's imposition of polygraph testing as a condition of the defendant's probation. We rejected the defendant's contention that the polygraph test amounted to an illegal condition, rather than merely an objectionable condition. Heddings, ¶ 20. We thus refused to review the defendant's objection raised for the first time on appeal. Heddings, ¶ 21.

¶ 12 Similarly, not all constitutional challenges to a sentence may be raised for the first time on appeal. We allowed the defendant in Ellis to raise the constitutional challenge to the requirement that he repay the costs of his court appointed counsel. The defendant contended that the statute authorizing the repayment condition, § 46-8-113, MCA (2005), violated the Equal Protection Clause of the United States and Montana Constitutions. The defendant's facial challenge alleged, in other words, that an illegal statute supported his illegal sentence. We reviewed the defendant's equal protection challenge raised for the first time on appeal under these circumstances. Ellis, ¶ 7. We premised this review on the alleged illegality of the defendant's sentence.

¶ 13 By contrast, in State v. Mainwaring, 2007 MT 14, 335 Mont. 322, 151 P.3d 53, we refused to address a constitutional challenge raised for the first time on appeal. There the defendant did not challenge the constitutionality of the Persistent Felony Offender statute or the Youth Court Act. The defendant instead argued that the court's application of these statutes to his case violated his right to equal protection of the laws. Mainwaring, ¶ 20. We refused to consider his as-applied constitutional challenge for the first time on appeal. Mainwaring, ¶ 20. Although not stated explicitly, our refusal to review the defendant's as-applied challenge for the first time on appeal stemmed from the fact that the court had imposed a potentially "objectionable" sentence as opposed to an "illegal" sentence. Heddings, ¶ 20.

¶ 14 In this light, we address Strong's equal protection challenge to the exemption contained in § 46-18-201(3)(d)(ii), MCA. Strong failed to raise the equal protection challenge in the District Court. Strong argued there for application of the maximum five year DOC commitment permitted by § 46-18-201(3)(d)(i), MCA. Strong's opening brief on appeal raises for the first time his facial challenge to the statute's exemption for criminally convicted youths from the five year DOC commitment. We will address this facial challenge pursuant to our decision in Ellis, ¶ 7, to ensure that Strong has not received an illegal sentence.

¶ 15 Strong raises what can be deemed an as-applied challenge to application of the statute to his case only in the final pages of his reply brief on appeal. Like in Mainwaring, ¶ 20, we decline to address Strong's as-applied constitutional challenge when raised for the first time on appeal. Strong waived this objection by not raising it in the District Court. Mainwaring, ¶ 20.

¶ 16 We turn, therefore, to Strong's facial challenge to § 46-18-201(3)(d)(ii), MCA. We first identify the classes involved and determine whether they are similarly situated when considering the level of scrutiny to apply in an equal protection challenge. Ellis, ¶ 11. When the classes are similarly situated, strict scrutiny applies to laws affecting fundamental rights. Intermediate scrutiny applies to rights conferred by the Montana Constitution, but not found in the Declaration of Rights. Rational basis applies if neither strict nor intermediate scrutinies apply. Ellis, ¶ 11; See Farrier v. Teacher's Retirement Bd., 2005 MT 229, ¶ 16, 328 Mont. 375, 120 P.3d 390.

¶ 17 Strong asserts that the statute creates two separate classes: criminally convicted youths transferred to district court under § 41-5-206, MCA, and adults who committed the same offense. Strong relies on S.L.M., where we held adults and youths who committed the same offense and were sentenced alike (as adults) were similarly situated for equal protection purposes. S.L.M., 287 Mont. at 33, 951 P.2d at 1371. Strong's challenge presents classes similar to those involved in S.L.M.

¶ 18 We next must determine whether the claim involves a suspect classification. The statute bases its classifications on the age of the defendants. Sections 46-18-201(3)(d)(i-ii), MCA. We follow the United States Supreme Court in holding that a sentencing distinction based upon age does not implicate a suspect classification that would require application of strict scrutiny. S.L.M., 287 Mont. at 33, 951 P.2d at 1371; Matter of Wood, 236 Mont. 118, 125, 768 P.2d 1370, 1375 (1989) overruled on other grounds (citing Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia, 427 U.S. 307, 313-15, 96...