State v. Trapp

• Decision Date: 15 June 1993
• Docket Number: No. 924SC163,924SC163
• Citation: 430 S.E.2d 484,110 N.C.App. 584
• Parties: STATE of North Carolina v. Carrie Y. TRAPP.
• Court: North Carolina Court of Appeals

Page 484

430 S.E.2d 484

110 N.C.App. 584

STATE of North Carolina v. Carrie Y. TRAPP.

No. 924SC163.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

June 15, 1993.

Atty. Gen. Lacy H. Thornburg by Asst. Atty. Gen. Bryan E. Beatty, Raleigh, for the State.

Robert T. Hargett, Raleigh, for defendant-appellant.

COZORT, Judge.

Defendant appeals from the trial court's order denying her motion to suppress evidence obtained after her warrantless arrest. Finding her arrest to be lawfully based on probable cause, we affirm.

Defendant was charged with possession of cocaine with intent to sell and deliver, possession of cocaine, misdemeanor possession of marijuana, maintaining a dwelling for controlled substances, and possession of drug paraphernalia. Defendant moved to suppress the evidence on the grounds of illegal search and seizure in violation of the United States Constitution and the North Carolina Constitution.

The State presented the following evidence at the suppression hearing. On 3 January 1991, Jacksonville Police Detective Donald Hines received a telephone call from a confidential informant advising him that Steven James, also known as "Caboobie," would be driving a gray, dented four-door vehicle from Jacksonville to Maysville to make a cocaine purchase that night. The informant further advised Detective Hines that upon returning to Jacksonville, James would go to 106 Circle Drive and then to the Triangle Motel. Jacksonville Police Detective Steve Selogy also received information from a second confidential informant that drugs were being sold at 106 Circle Drive and that James and his girlfriend, defendant Carrie Trapp, lived at that address. The informant further advised Detective Selogy that defendant Trapp hid the drugs in her vagina while they were being transported.

Detectives Hines and Selogy set up surveillance on Highway 17. Detective Hines and Detective Suarez parked at a nearby church school. At approximately 10:45 that night, Detective Hines observed three people exit the vehicle matching the description given by the informant. The three people entered 106 Circle Drive. They later left that address and went to the Triangle Motel. Two people then left the Triangle Motel in the same vehicle. Detective Selogy followed the car and activated his blue lights. Detective Selogy, who was in a van, observed the female passenger, later identified as defendant Trapp, move close to the driver, later identified as James, and then saw the male driver put his hand over the female's lap as he was looking in the rearview mirror. The vehicle stopped in the church school parking lot. James consented to a search of his person and the vehicle; no contraband was found.

The officers transported James and defendant Trapp to the police station. At the station, defendant Trapp waived her Miranda rights and stated that she had swallowed three bags of marijuana because she was unable to hide the bags in her vagina. Lieutenant Robert Toth then obtained a search warrant for defendant's person. At the hospital, Detective Cynthia Douquet observed a doctor remove a plastic bag containing 1.6 grams of cocaine from defendant's vagina.

The trial court denied defendant's motion to suppress. In addition to finding facts in accordance with the State's evidence, the trial court found that the defendant was under arrest when she was taken to the police station. Based upon the findings of fact, the trial court concluded that the officers had probable cause to arrest the defendant in the parking lot, and that the officers had probable cause to obtain a search warrant based upon information supplied by the informant, the observation of the officers, and the statements of the defendant after her arrest. Following the denial of her motion to suppress, defendant entered into a plea bargain with the State wherein she entered a guilty plea to possession of cocaine. The State dismissed the remaining charges. In accordance with the plea agreement, the trial court sentenced defendant to two years in prison.

On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to suppress on the ground that the detectives did not have probable cause to arrest her. Specifically, defendant argues that the detectives justified the arrest solely on the basis of information from a confidential informant whose reliability was not established by the evidence. We find no error.

Our review of a denial of a motion to suppress is limited to determining whether the trial court's findings of facts are supported by competent evidence, whether the findings of fact support the conclusions of law, and whether the conclusions of law are legally correct. See State v. Cooke, 306 N.C. 132, 134, 291 S.E.2d 618, 619 (1982). We agree with defendant that she was legally seized in the church school parking lot. To determine " 'whether a particular encounter constitutes a seizure, a court must consider all the circumstances surrounding the encounter to determine whether the police conduct would have communicated to a reasonable person that the person was not free to decline the officers' requests or otherwise terminate the encounter.' " State v. Poindexter, 104 N.C.App. 260, 265, 409 S.E.2d 614, 616 (1991), disc. review denied, 330 N.C. 616, 412 S.E.2d 93 (1992) (quoting Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, ----, 111 S.Ct. 2382, 2389, 115 L.Ed.2d 389, 401-02 (1991)). Detective Hines testified, and the trial court properly found, that defendant was not free to leave after the vehicle was stopped.

At the time of the arrest, the detectives did not have a search warrant. A warrantless arrest is lawful if based upon probable cause and permitted by state law. State v. Mills, 104 N.C.App. 724, 728, 411 S.E.2d 193, 195 (1991). An officer may make a warrantless arrest of any person the officer has probable cause to believe has committed a criminal offense in the officer's presence. N.C.Gen.Stat. § 15A-401(b)(1) (Cum.Supp.1992). "Facts establishing probable cause must be sufficient to justify the issuance of an arrest warrant even though one has not been requested prior to the arrest." Mills, 104 N.C.App. at 728, 411 S.E.2d at 195. " 'Probable cause exists where "the facts and circumstances within [the officers'] knowledge and of which they had reasonable trustworthy information [are] sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that" an offense has been or is being committed.' " State v. Zuniga, 312 N.C. 251, 261, 322 S.E.2d 140, 146 (1984) (quoting Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175-76, 69 S.Ct. 1302, 1310-11, 93 L.Ed. 1879, 1890 (1949)). "[P]robabilities ... are not technical; they are the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act. The standard of proof is accordingly correlative to what must be proved." Id.

In Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527, reh'g denied, 463 U.S. 1237, 104 S.Ct. 33, 77 L.Ed.2d 1453 (1983), the United States Supreme Court rejected the rigid two-prong test requiring affidavits supporting a warrant to demonstrate (1) the basis of the informant's knowledge, and (2) past reliability of the informant. Although the two factors remain highly relevant, id. 462 U.S. at 230, 103 S.Ct. at 2328, 76 L.Ed.2d at 543, the Court determined that the courts must review the "totality of circumstances" in determining whether information received from a confidential informant properly forms the basis of probable cause to arrest or search. Id. at 238, 103 S.Ct. at 2332, 76 L.Ed.2d at 548. The Court emphasized the importance of police corroboration, citing Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 79 S.Ct. 329, 3 L.Ed.2d 327 (1959). In Draper, an informant reported that the defendant would be arriving in Denver by train from Chicago on one of two days and that he would be carrying an amount of heroin. The informant described defendant's physical appearance, including the defendant's clothing, and stated that he would be walking very fast. The Court concluded that there was probable cause to arrest defendant because the officer observed a man matching the informant's description exit a train from Chicago and walk very quickly toward the station exit. The Court noted that the officer

had personally verified every facet of the information given him by [the informant] except whether petitioner had accomplished his mission and had the three ounces of heroin on his person or in his bag. And surely, with every other bit of [the informant's] information being thus personally verified, [the officer] had "reasonable grounds" to believe that the remaining unverified bit of [the informant's] information--that Draper would have the heroin...