State v. Weiss
| Decision Date | 17 August 1990 |
| Docket Number | Nos. 87-214,88-106,s. 87-214 |
| Citation | 155 Vt. 558,587 A.2d 73 |
| Parties | STATE of Vermont v. Michael I. WEISS and Jeffrey Weiss. |
| Court | Vermont Supreme Court |
Philip H. White, Orleans County State's Atty., Newport, and Thomas M. Kelley, Drug Prosecutor, Dept. of State's Attys., Montpelier, for plaintiff-appellant.
Rubin, Rona, Kidney & Myer, Barre, for defendant-appellee Michael Weiss.
Gaston, Durrance & Fairbanks, Montpelier, for defendant-appellee Jeffrey Weiss.
Before ALLEN, C.J., PECK, DOOLEY and MORSE, JJ., and KATZ, Superior Judge, Specially Assigned.
This interlocutory appeal turns on whether the affidavits in support of a search warrant issued by Judge Pineles for the residence of defendant Michael Weiss set forth facts establishing probable cause and whether Judge Pineles had reasonable cause to authorize a nighttime search of the premises. See State v. Brown, 151 Vt. 533, 535, 562 A.2d 1057, 1058 (1989) ().
Two defendants, Jeffrey and Michael Weiss, were charged together in September of 1986 for possession and cultivation of marijuana, 18 V.S.A. §§ 4224(f)(1)(B), 4224(g). Some of the evidence against them was obtained during a nighttime search of the Weiss residence. Shortly after they were arraigned, the trial court On July 20, 1987, the State filed six affidavits in support of an Information recharging Jeffrey Weiss. The affidavits contained information known to the officers at the time of arrest, but not included in the original affidavit. They also provided a list of items seized at Michael Weiss' residence, and the sworn testimony of Lisa Weiss that her son Jeffrey stored belongings at the residence and that he told her all the marijuana belonged to him.
dismissed the charges against Jeffrey Weiss because the affidavit of probable cause submitted in support of the information against him failed to establish probable cause. In response to defendant Michael Weiss' pretrial motions, Judge Fisher reviewed the search warrant application and granted his motion to suppress the evidence obtained in the execution of the search warrant.
Ruling on defendant Jeffrey Weiss' pretrial motion to suppress, Judge Wolchik concluded, as had Judge Fisher, that the evidence found at defendant Michael Weiss' residence should be suppressed due to the insufficiency of the affidavits in support of the search warrant application. The resolution of the validity of the search affects the cases against both defendants. Accordingly, we accepted the parties' stipulation that these two cases be consolidated for this appeal.
The State filed this interlocutory appeal claiming that the affidavits support the initial warrant issued by Judge Pineles. The State argues in the alternative that the exclusionary rule should not bar the admission of the seized evidence because the police executed the warrant in "good faith." Since we believe that the affidavits set forth substantial evidence in support of the warrant and that a nighttime search was appropriate, we reverse and therefore do not reach the question of "good faith." A summary of the key facts from the affidavits follows.
On September 22, 1986, Trooper Whitcomb suspected the cultivation of marijuana in the town of Albany, one-half mile southeast of the intersection of Town Highway # 1 and Town Highway # 3, based on his aerial observation of the area. Later that day, he reported this to Trooper Roberts. Ten days later, on October 2, 1986, both Whitcomb and Roberts returned to the area on foot and found more than thirty cultivated marijuana plants tied to stakes, with a white granular substance that they suspected was fertilizer sprinkled at the base of each plant. They checked the area for persons or fresh tracks of persons who may have been tending the plants, but found none.
One hour later, they returned with two other Troopers, Lt. Gilbert and Sgt. White, to uproot the marijuana plants. There they found defendants, Michael Weiss and his son Jeffrey Weiss, and several items that had not been there earlier, including two black plastic garbage bags, a brown plastic garbage can containing manicured marijuana residue, a camouflage nylon bag with shoulder straps, shears, and a loaded shotgun. They arrested defendants on charges of possession, manufacturing, and cultivation of marijuana, and gave them Miranda warnings. Defendant Michael Weiss made three incriminatingstatements after invoking his right to counsel: (1) that he owned 390 acres of land in the town of Albany; (2) that he lived on the land that he owned; and (3) that his son did not need a hunting license on the land where the marijuana plot was located. The first two statements were made in response to police questioning. All three statements were included in the affidavits submitted in support of the search warrant application.
Defendants were placed in custody, and the troopers applied for a search warrant for the residence of defendant Michael Weiss located in the town of Albany. After 10:00 p.m. that same evening, Judge Pineles ordered the search to be conducted "at any time" within the next three days. At midnight on October 2, 1986, when no one was home, the police entered the house through a second-story window. They searched the house and found several incriminating items. Lisa Weiss--wife of defendant Michael Weiss and mother of defendant Jeffrey Weiss--returned home at After the pretrial suppression hearing, the court suppressed the first two statements made by defendant Michael Weiss. After excising the two statements from the affidavits, it found no probable cause for the search. The court reasoned that once the incriminating statements were excised, one had to infer that Michael Weiss possessed cultivation materials, and further infer that he kept the cultivation materials at his house. "[I]nferences based on inferences," in the court's view, did not support a ruling based on "substantial evidence" that the specified items were presently at the residence. In particular, the court stated:
approximately 1:00 a.m. and answered police questions.
There is no information provided in any of the material supporting the application that would in any way tie the defendant's residence with the cultivation operation[,] ... no statement of the distance between the plot in which the defendant was found, and his home[,] ... no information about the proximity of other structures or residences to the plot[,] ... no assertion that a path of any kind leads between the plot and the residence[, and] ... no allegation that anyone has ever observed, or even heard rumors that any storing of the materials, processing, cultivating or transacting of business involving the marijuana has ever been carried out at the residence.
As a result, the seized evidence was suppressed.
Taking the information in the affidavits as true and excising the two incriminating statements, the propriety of the search warrant issuance turns on whether there was substantial evidence supporting the warrant. State v. Potter, 148 Vt. 53, 60, 529 A.2d 163, 167 (1987). Mindful of the fact that reviewing courts should give great deference to probable cause determinations, State v. Ballou, 148 Vt. 427, 434, 535 A.2d 1280, 1284 (1987), we hold that substantial evidence supported the search warrant. "Affidavits must be viewed in a common sense manner and not be subjected to hypertechnical scrutiny." Id.
The trial court specifically mentioned that the affidavits failed to link the residence with the marijuana plot by a path, or even indicate their proximity to each other. The court ruled that the information in the affidavits was sufficiently current so as to establish the location of defendant Michael Weiss' residence. It listed the following facts in support of its ruling:
a) [The investigating officer's fellow trooper] Officer Webster's previous dealings with the defendant within the year at defendant's residence;
b) confirmation by a U.S. Border Patrol agent familiar with the area of the defendant's place of residence within 30 to 60 days of the warrant request;
c) characterization of the defendant's residency as "longtime" in the place described.
The court concluded, however, that probable cause to search the residence was absent because the affidavits did not "tie...
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