Story, In re

• Decision Date: 18 March 1953
• Docket Number: No. 33209,33209
• Parties: , 36 A.L.R.2d 1312, 50 O.O. 116 In re STORY.
• Court: Ohio Supreme Court

Page 144

159 Ohio St. 144

111 N.E.2d 385, 36 A.L.R.2d 1312, 50 O.O. 116

In re STORY.

No. 33209.

Supreme Court of Ohio.

Decided March 18, 1953.

Syllabus by the Court.

One, having custody and control of the records of a city police department made in the detection and prevention of crime, is not generally privileged from disclosing those records upon the taking of a deposition in a civil suit.

This is an action originally instituted in the Court of Appeals in which a writ of habeas corpus was sought to discharge petitioner from custody of the sheriff.

Petitioner is the chief of the police department of the city of Cleveland. He was held in custody pursuant to an order of a notary public for refusal to produce any part of certain records of the police department of the city which were described in a subpoena duces tecum. This subpoena had been served upon him in connection with the taking of a deposition in a civil action. That action had been brought by the administrator of a decedent to recover for the wrongful death of such decedent claimed to have been caused by two police officers of the city. Those officers, at the time of the shooting of decedent, had been engaged in a search for another party suspected as a bank robber.

The records involved are those made in connection with decedent's death by police officers, including the defendants in the wrongful-death action.

Admittedly, petitioner had and has possession or control of the records called for by the subpoena and, notwithstanding the order of the notary, he refused, on the advice of counsel, to produce any of those records.

Admittedly, those records include written statements by the defendants in the wrongful-death action, there are no prosecutions pending in connection with decedent's death, the city's attorneys are defending the two policemen in the wrongful-death action, and all those records have been either turned over to or will be made available to those attorneys for aid in defending that action.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals discharged the petitioner from custody, and the cause is now before this court on an appeal as a matter of right.

Joseph H. Crowley, director of law, James M. McSweeney, Carl J. Grosclaude and Burt J. Fulton, Cleveland, for appellee, petitioner.

Robert D. Mishne, Cleveland, and Herman S. Pressman, Cleveland Hts., for appellant respondents.

TAFT, Judge.

We do not believe it is necessary to describe in detail the records called for by the subpoena. It is sufficient to state that some represent writings which, in the absence of some privilege, either are or reasonably may be admissible in evidence at the trial of the wrongful-death action, and that the petitioner is not a party to that action. It follows that, in the absence of some privilege, petitioner, having refused to produce any of the records when ordered to do so, was in contempt and properly committed to custody. In re Martin, 141 Ohio St. 87, 47 N.E.2d 388; In re Frye, 155 Ohio St. 345, 98 N.E.2d 798.

The question to be determined is whether one, having custody and control of the records of a city police department made in the detection and prevention of crime, is generally privileged from disclosing those records upon the taking of a deposition in a civil suit.

We have been unable to find and have been referred to no authorities, other than the Common Pleas Court case of Solanics v. Republic Steel Corp., 5 Ohio Supp. 152, which would support such a broad privilege in a civil action in this state, where it has not been provided for by statutory or constitutional provision. On the other hand, the recent decision in Reynolds v. United States, 3 Cir., 192 F.2d, 987, represents a holding against the existence of any such broad privilege. Petitioner refers to State v. Rhoads, 81 Ohio St. 397, 91 N.E. 186, 27 L.R.A.,N.S., 558; State v. Yeoman, 112 Ohio St. 214, 147 N.E. 3; and United States v. Krulewitch, 2 Cir., 145 F.2d 76, 78, 156 A.L.R. 337. These are decisions in criminal cases and are not helpful because made when such criminal cases were not governed by the provisions of those of our civil procedure statutes involved in the instant case. See State v. Yeoman, supra, 112 Ohio St. 217, 147 N.E. 4; State v. Wing, 66 Ohio St. 407, 64 N.E. 514; and Benedict v. State, 44 Ohio St. 679, 11 N.E. 125. As stated in 58 American Jurisprudence, 298, Section 533:

'Aside, however, from so-called state secrets and communications to public officials the disclosure of which may adversely affect public interests, the common law apparently does not recognize any privilege as to information in the hands of administrative officers. Privilege of a public officer against being held to disclose communications made to him in matters affecting individuals depends very largely, if not entirely, upon statutory enactment.'

This court has stated and decided that a privilege against testifying or producing evidence must rest upon some statutory or constitutional provision. In re Frye, supra. See Bomberger v. Turner, Adm'r, 13 Ohio St. 263, 269, 82 Am.Dec. 438; In re Raab's Estate, 16 Ohio St. 273, 280; Roberts v. Briscoe, 44 Ohio St. 596, 600 et seq., 10 N.E. 61; Hubbell v. Hubbell, 22 Ohio St. 208, 221; Torrance v. Torrance, 147 Ohio St. 169, 173 et seq., 70 N.E.2d 365; Goehring v. Dillard, a Minor, 145 Ohio St. 41, 49, 50, 60 N.E.2d 704, 158 A.L.R. 299; Weis v. Weis, 147 Ohio St. 416, 428, 429, 72 N.E.2d 245, 169 A.L.R. 668.

However, this court has often held that reports and records concerning an accident in which a party is involved, which reports and reccrds, accoring to the custom of such party, are turned over to and remain in the possession of such party's attorney, are privileged communications, and that no one can be required to produce them in an action relating to such accident and brought by or against such party. In re Hyde, 149 Ohio St. 407, 79 N.E.2d 224; In re Keough, 151 Ohio St. 307, 85 N.E.2d 550; In re Klemann, 132 Ohio St. 187, 5 N.E.2d 492, 108 A.L.R. 505; In re Shoup, 154 Ohio St. 221, 94 N.E.2d 625. See also In re Martin, supra. Of course, by reason of the provisions of subdivision 1 of Section 11494, General Code, an attorney, to whom such communications are made, cannot testify concerning them. However, there are no statutory provisions which provide against the production of such reports or records or testimony concerning them by the party, his nonattorney employees, or anyone else. It is apparent, therefore, that this court has extended the privilege against testifying or producing evidence to an instance beyond those supported by statutory or constitutional provisions. See In re Martin, supra, paragraph six of syllabus; In re Keough, supra, 151 Ohio St. 315, 85 N.E.2d 554. It may be observed that this extension of a statutory privilege apparently originated in paragraph three of the syllabus in the controversial case of Ex parte Schoepf, 74 Ohio St. 1, 77 N.E. 276, 6 L.R.A.,N.S., 325.

The broad privilege claimed in the instant case would amount to a further extension of the privilege recognized in the foregoing cases. Here, the reports and records are not even those of a party to a civil action. Cf. Hickman, Adm'r v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 67 S.Ct. 385, 91 L.Ed. 451. They are reports and records of the city. Of course, such reports and records, if not otherwise privileged, do not become privileged merely because they may have been turned over to and now are in the possession of the attorneys for the city. In re Keough, supra, paragraph three of the syllabus.

In 8 Wigmore on Evidence (3 Ed.) 64 et seq., Section 2192, it is said in part:

'When we come to examine the various claims of exemption, we start with the primary assumption that there is a general duty to give what testimony one is capagle of giving, and that any exemptions which may exist are distinctly exceptional, being so many derogations from a positive general rule * * *.

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'* * * when the course of justice requires the investigation of the truth, no man has any knowledge that is rightly private. All that society can fairly be expected to concede is that it will not exact this knowledge when necessity does not demand it, or when the benefit gained by exacting it would in general be less valuable than the disadvantage caused and the various privileges are merely attempts to define the situations in which, by experience, the exaction would be unnecessary or disadvantageous. The duty runs on throughout all,...