Strahorn v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.

• Decision Date: 04 May 1956
• Citation: 123 A.2d 107,11 Terry 50,50 Del. 50
• Court: Delaware Superior Court
• Parties: , 50 Del. 50 Harry W. STRAHORN, Jr., infant, by his next friend, Harry W. Strahorn, and Harry W. Strahorn, Plaintiffs, v. SEARS, ROEBUCK & CO., a New York corporation, Defendant.

Page 107

123 A.2d 107

11 Terry 50, 50 Del. 50

Harry W. STRAHORN, Jr., infant, by his next friend, Harry W.

Strahorn, and Harry W. Strahorn, Plaintiffs, v. SEARS, ROEBUCK & CO., a New York corporation, Defendant.

Superior Court of Delaware, New Castle County.

May 4, 1956.

Supplemental Opinion May 9, 1956.

Clement C. Wood, of Young & Wood, Wilmington, for plaintiffs.

S. Samuel Arsht, of Morris, Steel, Nichols & Arsht, Wilmington, for defendant.

LAYTON, Judge.

The question is one of first impression in this State. Elsewhere, the cases are in confusion due, at least in part, to the manifold complexities existing in the parent-child relationship. The majority rule is that an unemancipated minor cannot sue a parent in tort in a case of ordinary negligence. Note 19 A.L.R.2d 439; Wood v. Wood, 135 Conn. 280, 63 A.2d 586; Skillin v. Skillin, 130 Me. 223, 154 A. 570; Hewlett v. George, 68 Miss. 703, 9 So. 885, 13 L.R.A. 682; Luster v. Luster, 299 Mass. 480, 13 N.E.2d 438; Martens v. Martens, 11 N.J.Misc. 705, 167 A. 227.

The rule is based upon public policy and designed to preserve the peace and harmony of the home. Hewlett v. George, supra. It is founded upon a recognition of the practical aspects of the family relationship. In the highly complex life of today, it is impossible to imagine even the most devoted and intelligent parent, of necessity the companion, nurse and attendant of his infant child, not being guilty of some occasional act of negligence resulting in injuries ranging all the way from fingers smashed by the door of an automobile to the most serious, sometimes fatal, consequences. And the threat of a civil suit by the injured child against a parent already horrified and remorseful from the consequences of his own negligence is utterly repugnant.

A number of cases superficially contrary to the general rule above discussed may be distinguished because of the factual situations. Thus, in Clasen v. Pruhs, 69 Neb. 278, 95 N.W. 640, the parent was charged with wilful failure to provide sufficient food, clothing and shelter; and in Cowgill v. Boock, 189 Or. 282, 218 P.2d 445, 19 A.L.R.2d 405, a son injured while riding with his drunken father was permitted to sue. In Dunlap v. Dunlap, 84 N.H. 352, 150 A. 905, 71 A.L.R. 1055, the 16 year old son of a contractor father, a regular employee on his father's payroll, was permitted to sue for injuries resulting from the collapse of a carelessly erected scaffold upon which he was working. In Worrell v. Worrell, 174 Va. 11, 4 S.E.2d 343, a girl injured while riding on a commercial bus line operated by her father, insured under a statute requiring liability insurance for common carriers, was allowed to maintain an action against her parent. Ruiz v. Clancy, 182 La. 935, 162 So. 734 and Minkin v. Minkin, 336 Pa. 49, 7 A.2d 461, were cases based upon specific state statutes which the courts interpreted as announcing a public policy contrary to that upon which the majority of the cases above discussed were founded. The Clasen and Cowgill cases fall within a well-defined exception to the general rule which permits a minor to sue his parents for wilful or malicious misconduct. Note, 19 A.L.R.2d 451. The Worrell and Dunlap cases present factual situations where the parent-child status had become subordinated to a new legal relationship, viz.: Passenger-common carrier and master and servant, respectively.

However, a few cases admittedly hold that a child may sue his parent for simple negligence arising from the ordinary parent-child relationship. Signs v. Signs, 156 Ohio St. 566, 103 N.E.2d 743; Borst v. Borst, 41 Wash.2d 642, 251 P.2d 149. With deference, I disagree with the philosophy of these decisions.

From the meager facts which I can gather from the Complaint in this case together with arguments of counsel upon the motions, it appears that the child, Harry, Jr., twisted away from his father's grip ³ while shopping in defendant's department store, and ran to an escalator upon which he tripped and fell, mangling his fingers in the moving parts at the bottom. The law upon this subject briefly reviewed above, compels the conclusion that were Harry, Jr., to sue his parent directly for negligence in allowing him to escape his control and fall upon the escalator, such a suit would be forbidden by public policy. Nor does the fact that contribution is sought rather than a direct action for damages by the son against the parent alter the circumstances. The cases upon the subject, though few, are analyzed in a note in 19 A.L.R.2d 1003, where it is said:

'The courts have recognized and applied with practical unanimity the rule that to entitle a tortfeasor to contribution from another tortfeasor whose negligence has concurred in producing an injury to a third person, such third person must have an enforceable cause of action not only against the tortfeasor seeking contribution but also against the one against whom contribution is sought.

'In the application of this universally recognized rule of contribution between joint tortfeasors, the courts in most of the few cases passing upon the question have denied to a tort-feasor the right to contribution from one whose concurrent negligence produced the injury of the plaintiff in the tort action, where, because of a marital, filial, or other family relationship between such injured person and the tortfeasor against whom contribution is sought, the former had no enforceable right of action against the latter, since the element of common liability of both tortfeasors to the injured person, essential to the right of contribution, is lacking in such cases.'

The defendant's motion to join the father as a third-party defendant is denied. Lutz v. Boltz, 9 Terry 197, 100 A.2d 647; Ferguson v. Davis, 9 Terry 299, 102 A.2d 707.

Next, defendants have moved to strike the allegations of Par. 2(a) and 2(e) from the Complaint. These allegations are somewhat repetitious, the first charging that defendant 'failed to station guards at or near the escalator to protect and warn persons using said escalator from the hazards thereof', and the second, that defendant 'failed to station attendants at said escalator to assist children in the use of said escalator.' By the decided weight of authority, store owners are not required to station attendants to warn children of the dangers inherent in the use of a modern, scientifically constructed escalator. ⁴ 38 Am.Jur., Negligence, Sec. 89, p. 749. Browne v. Rosenfield's, Inc., La.App., 42 So.2d 885; Kataoka v. May Department Stores Co., D.C., 28 F.Supp. 3; L. S. Ayres & Co. v. Hicks, Ind.Sup., 40 N.E.2d 334; Mills v. Lit Bros., 347 Pa. 174, 32 A.2d 10; Heps v. Burdine's, Inc., Fla., 69 So.2d 340; Frein v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 204 Misc. 694, 125 N.Y.S.2d 773. Defendant's motion to strike ...