Swink v. City of Pagedale, 85-2384

• Decision Date: 02 February 1987
• Docket Number: No. 85-2384,85-2384
• Citation: 810 F.2d 791
• Parties: Gregory R. SWINK, Appellant, v. CITY OF PAGEDALE, Daniel J. O'Connor and Tony D. Gibson, Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 791

810 F.2d 791

Gregory R. SWINK, Appellant, v. CITY OF PAGEDALE, Daniel J. O'Connor and Tony D. Gibson, Appellees.

No. 85-2384.

United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Nov. 11, 1986.

Decided Feb. 2, 1987.

Ernest L. Keathley, Jr., St. Louis, Mo., for appellant.

Frank Susman, St. Louis, Mo., for appellees.

Before BOWMAN, Circuit Judge, FLOYD R. GIBSON, Senior Circuit Judge, and MORRIS S. ARNOLD, ^* District Judge.

BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

Gregory R. Swink appeals from a judgment in favor of the City of Pagedale, Missouri and two of its police officers, Daniel J. O'Connor and Tony D. Gibson. Swink, who is black, brought suit pursuant to 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 alleging that while in police custody on September 3, 1981, he was beaten with a blackjack by Gibson while O'Connor, a superior officer, watched but did not intervene. Swink further alleged that the failure of the City to investigate his charges or to discipline the officers made the beating part of official city policy.

The case was tried to a jury. At the close of Swink's case, the court entered a directed verdict for the City. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury rendered a verdict in favor of O'Connor and Gibson. Judgment was entered accordingly. Swink's appeal raises the following claims of error: (1) that the trial court ¹ erred in denying Swink's motion for a default judgment against Gibson and in allowing Gibson to file his answer immediately before trial; (2) that the trial court improperly limited Swink's voir dire of prospective jurors on the issue of racial prejudice; (3) that the jury instructions were erroneous because they referred to an "unjustified" beating; and (4) that it was error to dismiss the City upon the City's motion for directed verdict. We affirm.

I.

Swink argues that the trial court erred by failing to enter a default judgment against Gibson when Gibson did not file an answer for two years following his receipt of the complaint. Gibson was served on September 12, 1983 and had not responded individually, nor joined the timely answers of the other defendants, at the time of the pre-trial conference on September 12, 1985. However, Swink did not move for an entry of a default judgment until September 17, 1985, the date on which trial was to begin and a date more than two years following service of the complaint. The motion for default judgment was not preceded by an entry of default, so Gibson was not in the position of having to ask the trial court to set aside such an entry. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 55(c). For reasons unrelated to the default motion, the trial was postponed until September 23, 1985. Immediately prior to the beginning of the trial on September 23, a hearing was held in chambers. At that time, the magistrate denied the motion for entry of a default judgment and allowed Gibson to adopt the joint answer filed by O'Connor and the City.

The entry of a default judgment is governed by Fed.R.Civ.P. 55. In reviewing the denial of a motion for default judgment this Court must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion. See Federal Trade Commission v. Packers Brand Meats, 562 F.2d 9, 10 (8th Cir.1977). In light of the facts present in this case, we find no abuse of discretion. The magistrate found that Swink had not demonstrated that he would be substantially prejudiced by a denial of his motion. ² Moreover, it seems likely that Gibson thought the case against him would be dismissed or handled by attorneys for the other defendants. The magistrate implicitly held that the failure to answer was not willful, noting that Gibson

has [not] absconded from the jurisdiction of the court or tried to avoid liability by physically taking himself away or avoiding the proceedings.

The suggestion is that the defendant has through inadvertence failed to file an answer. His status as a trial witness has been noticed [for] some time. His relevance as a witness has been a matter of knowledge since before the beginning of the lawsuit and his deposition was taken last Friday, and for these reasons, I believe that justice requires that he be given an opportunity to defend himself in this lawsuit.

Transcript at 1-6. Finally, we note that the trial was not delayed at all as a result of the magistrate's ruling, but commenced immediately following the decision to allow Gibson to join the answer of the other defendants. In light of these facts, we believe it is clear that the magistrate did not abuse his discretion in denying Swink's motion for entry of a default judgment against Gibson.

II.

Swink contends that the magistrate abused his discretion by refusing to allow Swink's attorney to probe as deeply as he would have liked during the voir dire examination into the possibility of racial bias. Swink's attorney was permitted to ask prospective jurors whether the presence of a black plaintiff and two white defendants would cause them to be biased, but was halted when he began inquiring into the jurors' definitions of racism and the extent to which they lived in mixed-race neighborhoods or socialized with blacks.

The trial court is given wide discretion in the conduct of voir dire. United States v. Bear Runner, 502 F.2d 908, 911 (8th Cir.1974). This Court will not overturn the determination of the trial court on issues concerning the scope of voir dire absent a showing that the court abused its discretion. Wichmann v. United Disposal, Inc., 553 F.2d 1104, 1109 (8th Cir.1977); cf. United States v. Delay, 500 F.2d 1360, 1366 (8th Cir.1974).

This Court has not found any reported case, and Swink has called none to our attention, in which the result of a civil jury trial has been challenged because of a failure of the trial court to inquire sufficiently into the possible racial bias of the potential jurors. Even considering the standards applicable to voir dire in criminal cases, we can find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's limitation of voir dire in this instance. As this Court stated in United States v. Powers, 482 F.2d 941 (8th Cir.1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 923, 94 S.Ct. 1426, 38 L.Ed.2d 479 (1974):

For more than four decades, it has been the rule in federal courts that a trial court must inquire as to possible racial bias of the veniremen when the defendant is a member of a racial minority. Aldridge v. United States, 283 U.S. 308, 51 S.Ct. 470, 75 L.Ed. 1054 (1931). Yet, as recently noted by the Supreme Court in Ham v. South Carolina, 409 U.S. 524, 93 S.Ct. 848, 35 L.Ed.2d 46 (1973), neither the supervisory power of the Supreme Court over lower federal courts as exercised in Aldridge nor the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applied to the state courts in Ham require the trial court "to put the question in any particular form, or to ask any particular number of questions on the subject, simply because requested to do so by petitioner." 409 U.S. at 527 .... If the trial court need not have asked any further questions than a general one regarding racial bias, a fortiori it need not have permitted the participation of counsel in further questioning.

482 F.2d at 944; see also United States v. Bell, 573 F.2d 1040, 1043 (8th Cir.1978); United States v. Delay, 500 F.2d at 1364. Swink's attorney was permitted to ask each of the potential jurors individually whether they felt that they would be racially biased and also was permitted to inquire into the employment of blacks where the jurors worked. We cannot say that this was an insufficient inquiry to discover bias, and, therefore, we conclude that the limitation of Swink to these questions was not an abuse of discretion.

III.

Swink argues that the jury instruction describing the elements of the alleged Fourteenth Amendment violation and the verdict directors which refer to that instruction were in error and were prejudicial to his case. ³ Swink contends that the references to an "unjustified" beating in those instructions were confusing to the jury and could have led the jury to believe that there was a question as to the justifiability of any beating Swink received when, in fact, the defendants had not presented a justification defense. ⁴

While justification for the alleged beating was not at issue, and the instruction was therefore erroneous, we do not believe it is likely that the instruction created confusion in the minds of the jurors. Considering the testimony by Swink, Gibson, and O'Connor that Swink did nothing which would have given the police officers a reason to beat him, and also considering that the defendants did not assert a justification...