Techniarts Engineering v. U.S.
| Citation | 51 F.3d 301 |
| Decision Date | 30 June 1995 |
| Docket Number | No. 93-5304,93-5304 |
| Parties | , 40 Cont.Cas.Fed. (CCH) P 76,774 TECHNIARTS ENGINEERING, Appellee, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit |
Thomas M. Bondy, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC, argued the cause for the appellant. On brief were Frank W. Hunger, Asst. Atty. Gen., Eric H. Holder, Jr., U.S. Atty., and Anthony J. Steinmeyer, Atty., U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC. R. Craig Lawrence, John D. Bates and Susan A. Nellor, Washington, DC, entered appearances for appellant.
Daniel M. Press, McLean, VA, argued the cause for appellee.
Before WILLIAMS, HENDERSON and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
The United States Information Agency (USIA) appeals from a summary judgment in favor of Techniarts Engineering (Techniarts), the former producer of the USIA's "TV Marti" newscasts. The district court held that when the USIA's "TV Marti" newscasts. The district court held that when the USIA began producing TV Marti newscasts in-house, instead of renewing its contract with Techniarts, the agency violated the Economy Act, 31 U.S.C. Sec. 1535(a), and the Office of Management and Budget's Circular A-76, 48 Fed.Reg. 37,110 (1983), (OMB Circular), which direct federal agencies to compare the costs of commercial and agency production and to use the former unless more expensive. The district court further held that the USIA violated Federal Acquisitions Regulations, 48 C.F.R. Sec. 37.104(b), (FAR 37.104) by entering into unauthorized private service contracts in the course of internalizing newscast production. Because the USIA was authorized by statute both to move production in-house and to enter into the service contracts, we conclude the agency was not bound by the cited provisions and reverse the district court's decision.
In 1988 Congress authorized the USIA to begin television broadcasts to Cuba, on a trial basis, and appropriated up to $7,500,000 for the tests. See Act of Oct. 1, 1988, Pub.L. No. 100-459, tit. V, 102 Stat. 2186, 2221-22 (1988). In January 1990, after competitive bidding, the USIA contracted with Techniarts to produce a half-hour daily news program for the trial broadcasts. In February 1990, before testing was complete, Congress enacted the TV Marti Act, formally instructing the Director of the USIA to "establish within the Voice of America a Television Marti Service" to "be responsible for all television broadcasts to Cuba authorized by this subchapter." 22 U.S.C. Sec. 1465cc(a). Although the Act appropriated $16,000,000 for TV Marti broadcasting in each of fiscal years 1990 and 1991, those funds could not "be obligated or expended unless the President determine[d] and notifie[d] the appropriate committees of Congress that the test of television broadcasting to Cuba ... has demonstrated television broadcasting to Cuba is feasible and will not cause objectionable interference with the broadcasts of incumbent domestic licensees." Id. Sec. 1465ee. On August 26, 1990, President Bush notified Congress that he had made the required determination. Presidential Determination No. 90-35, 55 Fed.Reg. 38,659 (1990).
On October 3, 1990, the USIA published notice of its intent to negotiate a "follow-on" contract with Techniarts for the period January 1, 1991 to June 30, 1991. After some negotiation, however, the USIA extended the contract only until March 15, 1991, when the agency took production in-house and began using its own facilities and personnel, as well as some private contractors, to produce the newscasts.
On March 14, 1991, Techniarts filed this action in the district court challenging the USIA's assumption of TV Marti production on the grounds that the agency had not first conducted cost comparisons, as required by the Economy Act and by the OMB Circular, and that it had entered into unauthorized private service contracts for production work, some with former Techniarts employees later hired by the USIA, in violation of FAR 37.104. On August 6, 1993, the district court ruled in favor of Techniarts, on cross-motions for summary judgment, holding that the USIA had violated all three provisions. It remanded the case to the USIA for cost comparisons in conformance with the Economy Act and the OMB Circular and ordered the agency to cease in-house production and to terminate personal service contracts then in effect. The USIA now appeals the court's judgment. Assuming, without so deciding, that claims grounded in the OMB Circular are reviewable, 1 as the district court held, we conclude that the USIA's actions were authorized by the TV Marti Act and therefore not in violation of law.
We first consider the contention that the USIA's decision to move production in-house without first comparing the costs of private and agency production violated the Economy Act 2 and the OMB Circular. 3 The USIA maintains that the specific provisions of the TV Marti Act preempted any duty the agency might otherwise have had under the Economy Act or the OMB Circular to conduct cost comparisons or to continue to rely on commercial production. We agree.
The TV Marti Act provides: "To assure consistency of presentation and efficiency of operations in conducting the activities authorized under this subchapter, the Television Marti Service shall make maximum feasible utilization of Agency facilities and management support, including Voice of America: Cuba Service, Voice of America, and the United States Information Agency Television Service." 22 U.S.C. Sec. 1465cc(b). In American Textile Mfrs. Inst., Inc. v. Donovan, 452 U.S. 490, 508, 101 S.Ct. 2478, 2490, 69 L.Ed.2d 185 (1981), the United States Supreme Court observed that the plain meaning of "feasible" is "capable of being done, executed, or effected" and therefore concluded that feasibility does not depend on a comparison of costs and benefits. Consistent with that determination, this court has found occupational safety standards to be feasible "if the cost of compliance does not threaten the 'competitive structure or posture' of the industry," without considering the relative costs of alternative standards. National Cottonseed Prods. Ass'n v. Brock, 825 F.2d 482, 487 (D.C.Cir.1987) (quoting Industrial Union Dep't v. Hodgson, 499 F.2d 467, 478 (D.C.Cir.1974)); see also American Iron & Steel Inst. v. OSHA, 939 F.2d 975, 980 (D.C.Cir.1991) () (quoting United Steelworkers of Am. v. Marshall, 647 F.2d 1189, 1265 (D.C.Cir.1980)). 4 Similarly here, the USIA's in-house newscast production must be deemed feasible so long as it does not seriously jeopardize the TV Marti program (or perhaps inflict grave injury on some other program), whether or not commercial production might be cheaper. Thus, to the extent that the Economy Act and the OMB Circular require use of commercial resources when cheaper, they are at odds with the TV Marti Act's mandate to "make maximum feasible utilization" of USIA resources and, as laws of general application, must give way to that specific mandate. 5 See Crawford Fitting Co. v. J.T. Gibbons, Inc., 482 U.S. 437, 445, 107 S.Ct. 2494, 2499, 96 L.Ed.2d 385 (1987) () (quoting Radzanower v. Touche Ross & Co., 426 U.S. 148, 153, 96 S.Ct. 1989, 1992, 48 L.Ed.2d 540 (1976)). Because there is no evidence of contrary congressional intent here, 6 we conclude that neither the Economy Act nor the OMB Circular required the USIA to compare the costs of agency and commercial production before selecting the former.
We also reject the argument that the USIA violated FAR 37.104(b), which provides: "Agencies shall not award personal services contracts unless specifically authorized by statute (e.g., 5 U.S.C. 3109) to do so." The USIA was, and is, expressly authorized by statute to enter into temporary personal service contracts lasting no longer than one year. Section 3109, the very statute cited in the regulation, permits an agency "[w]hen authorized by an appropriation or other statute" to "procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services." 5 U.S.C. Sec. 3109(b). Congress has expressly authorized the USIA "[i]n carrying out" the provisions governing TV MARTI to "procure...
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