Thomas v. Bilby

• Decision Date: 13 March 2001
• Docket Number: No. 06-00-00113-CV,06-00-00113-CV
• Citation: 40 S.W.3d 166
• Parties: (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2001) DAN THOMAS, Appellant v. LINDA KNIGHT BILBY, ET AL., Appellees
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

Page 166

40 S.W.3d 166 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2001)

DAN THOMAS, Appellant v. LINDA KNIGHT BILBY, ET AL., Appellees

In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana.

No. 06-00-00113-CV

Submitted January 29, 2001.

Decided February 21, 2001.

Rehearing Overruled March 13, 2001.

On Appeal from the 411th Judicial District Court Polk County, Texas Trial Court No. CIV 17,584

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

Before Cornelius, C.J., Grant and Ross, JJ.

OPINION

ROSS, Justice.

Dan Thomas appeals the dismissal of his suit against Linda Knight Bilby, Mettie Faye Degetaire, and Jettie A. Jernigan (collectively, Appellees). Thomas, an inmate in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division (TDCJ), filed his suit pro se and in forma pauperis, alleging that Appellees, who are TDCJ employees, violated his rights under 42 U.S.C.A. § 1983 (West Supp. 2000) and various provisions of Texas law by interfering with his mail. Appellees filed an answer and later filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. The trial court scheduled a hearing for March 29, 2000, though a reporter's record from that hearing is not before this Court. In an order dated March 29, 2000, the trial court granted Appellees' motion to dismiss.

Thomas raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether the trial court abused its discretion in not providing a way for him to participate in the March 29, 2000, hearing; (2) whether Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 14.004(a), (b) (Vernon Supp. 2001) violates the United States and Texas Constitutions; and (3) whether the trial court abused its discretion by changing cause numbers in his suit without notice to him.

A trial court may dismiss a suit filed by an indigent inmate either before or after service of process if the court finds that the claim is frivolous or malicious. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 14.003(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2001). An inmate who files an affidavit or unsworn declaration of inability to pay costs must file a separate affidavit or unsworn declaration identifying every pro se suit (except suits filed under the Texas Family Code) he has previously filed and a description of each suit. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 14.004(a). If the affidavit or unsworn declaration states that a previous suit was dismissed as frivolous or malicious, then the affidavit or unsworn declaration must also provide the date of the final order affirming the dismissal. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 14.004(b).

Section 14.004's purpose is to assist the trial court in determining whether a suit is malicious or frivolous under Section 14.003(a). Hickson v. Moya, 926 S.W.2d 397, 399 (Tex. App. Waco 1996, no writ). Therefore, a trial court may dismiss a suit under Section 14.003(a) without notice when an inmate fails to file the affidavit required under Section 14.004. Id. The record reflects that Thomas did not file the affidavit required under Section 14.004.

In his first issue on appeal, Thomas contends the trial court abused its discretion in not allowing him to attend the hearing on Appellees' motion to dismiss. Initially, we note that under Section 14.003(c) the trial court is not required to hold a hearing before dismissing a suit under Section 14.003(a). Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 14.003(c) (Vernon Supp. 2001).

Thomas also does not point us to any place in the record where he requested a bench warrant. See In re M.M., 980 S.W.2d 699, 701-02 (Tex.App.- San Antonio 1998, no pet.); Pedraza v. Crossroads Sec. Sys., 960 S.W.2d 339, 342 (Tex. App. Corpus Christi 1997, no pet.) (where there is no record that the trial court ruled on a motion for bench warrant, there was no abuse of discretion in refusing to grant writ of habeas corpus on that issue); Conely v. Peck, 929 S.W.2d 630, 633 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, no writ) (where the record contains no motion for bench warrant and no record of court's ruling on such motion, court presumes the record supports the judgment). He did attach to his brief a copy of a motion for a bench warrant, which he asserts he sent to the trial court; however, attachments to the brief are not a part of the appellate record. Randle v. Wilson, 26 S.W.3d 513, 515 n.1 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2000, no pet.).

Even assuming the trial court received Thomas' motion for a bench warrant, there was no abuse of discretion in not allowing him to appear at the hearing. Though a party may not be denied access to the courts merely because he is an inmate, there is no absolute right for an inmate to appear in court in a civil case. Armstrong v. Randle, 881 S.W.2d 53, 56 (Tex. App. Texarkana 1994, writ denied); see also Brewer v. Taylor, 737 S.W.2d 421, 423 (Tex. App. Dallas 1987, no writ). In considering an inmate's right to appear, courts generally follow a balancing approach, weighing the preservation of the correctional system's integrity against the prisoner's right of access, with a goal of achieving a balance that is fundamentally fair. Armstrong, 881 S.W.2d at 56; Brewer, 737 S.W.2d at 423. Review is under an abuse of discretion standard. Armstrong, 881 S.W.2d at 56; Brewer, 737 S.W.2d at 423.

Courts consider a number of factors in determining this balance, including:

(1)the cost and inconvenience of transporting the inmate to court;

(2)the security risk and danger to the court and the public by allowing the inmate to attend court;

(3)whether the inmate's claims are substantial;

(4)whether a determination of the matter can reasonably be delayed until the inmate is released;

(5)whether the inmate can and will offer admissible, noncumulative testimony that cannot be offered effectively by deposition, telephone, or otherwise;

(6)whether the inmate's presence is important in judging his demeanor and credibility compared with that of other witnesses;

(7)whether the trial is to the court or to a jury; and

(8)the inmate's probability of success on the merits.

Armstrong, 881 S.W.2d at 56; Brewer, 737 S.W.2d at 423.

Only when an inmate has been effectively barred from presenting his case has an appeals court been willing to find error in the denial of an inmate's request to personally appear. See Pruske v. Dempsey, 821 S.W.2d 687, 688-89 (Tex. App. San Antonio 1991, no writ); Nichols v. Martin, 776 S.W.2d 621, 623 (Tex. App. Tyler 1989, no writ). In the present case, Appellees' motion to dismiss raised the issue that Thomas failed to file the affidavit required under Section 14.004. That issue was wholly determinable from the record. Therefore, Thomas did not need to appear at the hearing to effectively present his case.

Nevertheless, Thomas contends the trial court should have allowed him to proceed in some other manner, such as by affidavit, deposition, telephone, or otherwise. He cites Birdo v. Holbrook, 775 S.W.2d 411, 414 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1989, writ denied), in which the court of appeals found no abuse of discretion in the trial court's refusal to allow the inmate to appear personally because, in that case, the trial court allowed the inmate to proceed by affidavit. Id.

He also cites Byrd v. Attorney Gen. of Texas, 877 S.W.2d 566, 569 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1994, no writ), in which the court of appeals stated, "Should the [trial] court find that the pro se plaintiff inmate in a civil action is not entitled to leave prison to appear personally in court, then the prisoner should be allowed to proceed by affidavit, deposition, telephone, or other effective means." In that case, the court reversed the dismissal of the inmate's suit because the trial court effectively denied the inmate any opportunity to present evidence "in a proceeding where his testimony was material to the central fact at issue." Id.

In the present case, there was no abuse of discretion because Thomas could have filed the affidavit required under Section 14.004 and avoided dismissal. His presence at the hearing, either in person or otherwise, was unnecessary because the only issue was whether he had complied with the statute. We overrule his first issue on appeal.

In his second issue on appeal, Thomas contends that Section 14.004(a), (b) is unconstitutional in that (1) it violates his right to equal protection under the law as guaranteed by the United States and Texas Constitutions, see U.S. Const. amend XIV; Tex. Const. art. I, §§ 3, 3a; and (2) it violates the special laws provision of the Texas Constitution. See Tex. Const. art. III, § 56. Thomas preserved these issues in his timely-filed motion for new trial.

The issue of whether Section 14.004(a), (b) violates an inmate's right to equal protection does not appear to have been addressed by a Texas state court.

Both the state and federal equal protection guarantees require a similar multi-tiered analysis. Where the classification does not impinge on a fundamental right, or distinguish between persons on a suspect basis such as race or national origin, it is valid as long as it is rationally related to a legitimate state purpose.

Ford Motor Co. v. Sheldon, 22 S.W.3d 444, 451 (Tex. 2000). Neither inmates nor indigents constitute a suspect class. Carson v. Johnson, 112 F.3d 818, 821-22 (5th Cir. 1997).

In Hicks v. Brysch, 989 F.Supp. 797, 822 (W.D. Tex. 1997), the federal court was confronted with a similar argument regarding Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. The court found Chapter 14 in general, and Section 14.004 in particular, to be rationally related to a legitimate state purpose. Id. In so holding, the court stated,

Deterring the filing of frivolous and malicious lawsuits, and thereby preserving scarce judicial resources is a legitimate state interest. The provisions of Section 14.004 . . . are clearly intended to furnish state courts with the information they need to ascertain whether the claims a prisoner seeks to assert in the state courts have already been litigated on the merits or determined to be frivolous or malicious.

Id. at 823....