Thompson v. State

• Decision Date: 11 May 1979
• Docket Number: No. 579S125,579S125
• Citation: 270 Ind. 677,389 N.E.2d 274
• Parties: Richard THOMPSON, Appellant (Defendant below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below).
• Court: Indiana Supreme Court

Page 274

389 N.E.2d 274

270 Ind. 677

Richard THOMPSON, Appellant (Defendant below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below).

No. 579S125.

Supreme Court of Indiana.

May 11, 1979.

Harriette Bailey Conn, Public Defender, Howard N. Bernstein, Deputy Public Defender, Indianapolis, for appellant.

Theodore L. Sendak, Atty. Gen., Alembert W. Brayton, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for appellee.

HUNTER, Justice.

Richard Thompson, petitioner, was charged with first-degree burglary pursuant to Ind.Code § 35-13-4-4(a) (Burns 1975). He pled guilty to entering to commit a felony, Ind.Code § 35-13-4-5 (Burns 1975). He was sentenced, as a result of a plea bargain agreement, to an indeterminate period of one to ten years. Thompson appealed his sentence to the First District, Indiana Court of Appeals, arguing that his sentence must be reduced to one to five years. The Court of Appeals, in Thompson v. State, (1978) Ind.App., 380 N.E.2d 1292, determined that Thompson had failed procedurally to bring his sentencing argument within the jurisdiction of the court as a Petition for Post-Conviction Relief under Ind. R.P.C. 1. Because of the confusion created by the Court of Appeals opinion, we now vacate that opinion and grant transfer.

I.

The defendant was sentenced on January 3, 1977; on July 11, 1977, he filed a "Petition to Correct Sentence." ¹ See Ind.Code § 35-8-1A-17 (Burns 1975). The petition was denied after a hearing on July 12 1977, and Thompson's motion to correct errors was denied August 30, 1977. The Court of Appeals vacated the trial court proceedings under a theory that Thompson should have used Ind. R.P.C. 1, § 1(a)(3) to raise the issue of the erroneous sentence at the trial court level. It is true, as the Court of Appeals reasoned, that Ind.Code § 35-8-1A-17 (Burns 1975) provides authority for a trial court to correct an erroneous sentence. But, the Court of Appeals was in error in concluding that Ind.Code § 35-8-1A-17 (Burns 1975) provides no procedural mechanism to raise the issue of an erroneous sentence. The statute clearly provides procedure: "A motion to correct sentence shall be in writing and shall be supported by a memorandum of law specifically pointing out the defect in the original sentence." We disagree with the Court of Appeals in its implied holding that Ind. R.P.C. 1 § 1(a)(3) is in conflict with Ind.Code § 35-8-1A-17 (Burns 1975). The post-conviction rule reads: "Any person who has been convicted of, or sentenced for, a crime by a court of this state, and who claims: . . . (3) that the sentence exceeds the maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise erroneous; . . . may institute at any time a proceeding under this Rule to secure relief." We would emphasize that the rule is permissive and not mandatory in form. The logical and necessary consequence of construing the rule with the statute is that a defendant may utilize either method to seek correction of an erroneous sentence. ²

By allowing a defendant either avenue in forwarding his sentencing error, judicial time and effort may be conserved while justice is speedily and efficiently afforded those convicted of crime. When a defendant wishes to question only the propriety of his sentence, he may utilize the vehicle of Ind.Code § 35-8-1A-17 (Burns 1975). This vehicle is available to a defendant whether or not a guilty plea has been filed. Of course, the defendant may also file, within sixty days of sentencing, a motion to correct errors and designate an erroneous sentence as the complained of error. See Ind. R.Tr.P. 59(A)(7) and 59(A)(9). Weyls v. State, (1977) 266 Ind. 301, 362 N.E.2d 481. But, there is nothing in the statute which should preclude a defendant from raising the issue of an erroneous sentence at a time after sixty days have elapsed. The statute does require that the motion to correct sentence be in writing and be supported specifically. These requirements are not unlike those contemplated within Ind. R.Tr.P. 59.

However, there is no requirement of verification embodied within the statutory procedure. In this regard, the statutory vehicle is decidedly less cumbersome than Ind. R.P.C. 1. We agree that the verification requirement with the post-conviction rule is not a mere technicality, but rather serves the substantial purpose of "finally closing the door to post-conviction remedies." See Owen v. State, (1975) Ind.App., 338 N.E.2d 715, 718. Nevertheless, if a defendant files with the trial court an unverified petition, purportedly under Ind. R.P.C. 1, § 1(a)(3), in which sentencing only is at issue, the court should treat that unverified petition as a motion to correct sentence pursuant to Ind.Code § 35-8-1A-17 (Burns 1975). Thus, an unverified petition (addressed only to an incorrect sentence) or a motion to correct sentence would not preclude the defendant from filing a later verified petition under Ind. R.P.C. 1 where the facts warrant such a filing. Once a trial court has ruled upon the unverified petition (addressed to the issue of an erroneous sentence) or the motion to correct sentence that ruling is subject to appeal via normal appellate procedures (filing of a motion to correct errors, denial of same, praecipe, etc.). Once an appealed decision has been finalized in the appellate courts, the decision does operate as a bar to further consideration of that issue in a later verified petition for post-conviction relief. Obviously, if the defendant files an unverified petition for post-conviction relief and the issue of sentencing is only one of several issues raised, the trial court may sever that issue from the rest of the petition and rule on it. ³ The balance of the petition would need verification before the trial court would have jurisdiction over it.

This common sense approach is consonant with the policy enunciated by this Court in Lamb v. State, (1975) 263 Ind. 137, 325 N.E.2d 180, that we strive to address post-conviction claims "rather than to preclude review by invoking procedural technicalities." 263 Ind. at 144, 325 N.E.2d at 184. Moreover, this Court has often held that an erroneous sentence may be corrected Sua sponte. Jones v. State, (1977) Ind., 369 N.E.2d 418. A problem in sentencing is fundamental error, Swininger v. State, (1976) 265 Ind. 136, 352 N.E.2d 473, and is apparent on the face of the record, Vawter v. State, (1972) 258 Ind. 168, 279 N.E.2d 805. In Kleinrichert v. State, (1973) 260 Ind. 537, 543, 297 N.E.2d 822, 826, we stated that "a court of review cannot ignore a fundamental error which is apparent on the face of the record, such as an incorrect sentence."

"(T)he function of appellate review does not encompass a calculated search of the record to discover constitutional error; nevertheless, once constitutional error is discovered while examining the transcript or is brought to the Court's attention, it can not be ignored. Fundamental constitutional guarantees are absolute and outside the discretion of any court to ignore or deny." Branan v. State, (1974) 161 Ind.App. 443, 445, 316 N.E.2d 406, 408.

It is clear, then, that the defendant's filings were procedurally correct and that the First District of the Indiana Court of Appeals had jurisdiction to consider the merits of Thompson's appeal.

II.

Thompson argues that a sentence of one to five years' imprisonment is the maximum allowable for the crime of entering to commit a felony whenever first or second-degree burglary is originally charged. He is wrong. The defendant has cited several cases where it has been held that a defendant initially charged with first-degree burglary and convicted of entering to commit a felony cannot be sentenced to a term in excess of that provided for second-degree burglary. See Hobbs v. State, (1969) 253 Ind. 195, 252 N.E.2d 498; Easton v. State, (1972) 258 Ind. 204, 280 N.E.2d 307; Lee v. State, (1972) 259 Ind. 301, 286 N.E.2d 840; Harrison v. State, (1973) 155 Ind.App. 231, 292 N.E.2d 612. Each of these decisions involved jury trials rather than guilty pleas and thus are inapposite herein.

More apropos is the case of Heathe v. State, (1971) 257 Ind. 345, 274 N.E.2d 697. Heathe was charged with entering to commit a felony and the possession of burglary tools. He pled guilty to entering to commit a felony and the other charge was dismissed. The court sentenced Heathe to the statutory period of incarceration, one to ten years. Upon appeal, the sentence was modified by reducing the maximum to five years because the statutory period of incarceration for second-degree burglary is two to five years. Justice DeBruler reasoned that even if second-degree burglary were not charged, Heathe was entitled to the lesser sentence.

"(To permit a different result) would allow the State to systematically increase the maximum penalty for second degree burglary by charging the lesser included offense of entering with intent to commit a felony in every case. We cannot condone such a result. Entering to commit a felony In this case is a lesser included offense of second degree burglary whether or not second degree burglary was charged in the case. The constitutional mandate that 'all penalties shall be proportioned to the nature of the offense' requires that the maximum for a lesser offense be less then the maximum for a higher offense." (Emphasis added.) Heathe v. State, (1971) 257 Ind. 345, 348-349, 274 N.E.2d 697, 698-699.

At first blush, Heathe would seem to apply herein. However, there are important distinctions: (1) Thompson was charged with only first-degree burglary (which carries a maximum penalty of...