Thorell v. Adap, Inc.

• Decision Date: 13 June 2003
• Docket Number: No. 01-P-1187.,01-P-1187.
• Citation: 58 Mass. App. Ct. 334
• Parties: WAYNE THORELL v. ADAP, INC., & others.[ 1 ]
• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts

Page 1

WAYNE THORELL v. ADAP, INC., & others.[¹]

No. 01-P-1187.

Court of Appeals of Massachsetts, Bristol.

February 12, 2003.

June 13, 2003.

Negligence, Loading dock. Evidence, Hearsay, Vicarious admission.

Civil action commenced in the Superior Court Department on June 18, 1999.

The case was heard by Ernest B. Murphy, J., on a consolidated motion for summary judgment.

Douglas A. Robertson for Frade's Disposal, Inc.

Michael R. Byrne for ADAP, Inc.

David O. deAbreu for S.B. Realty Limited Partnership.

Present: Porada, Kass, & Cohen, JJ.

COHEN, J.

In this negligence action, the plaintiff seeks to recover for injuries sustained when he slipped and fell while making a commercial delivery to the defendant, ADAP, Inc. (ADAP). The site of the fall was a loading dock area on property owned by defendant S.B. Realty Limited Partnership (S.B. Realty) and leased to ADAP. The plaintiff contends that he slipped on hydraulic fluid leaking from a trash compactor that was leased by ADAP from defendant Frade's Disposal, Inc. (Frade's), a commercial refuse company that retained responsibility for periodically emptying, servicing and maintaining the compactor and associated equipment.

A judge of the Superior Court granted summary judgment to all three defendants on the ground that there was no proof from which it reasonably could be inferred that the plaintiff was injured by a dangerous or unsafe condition that was, or should have been, known to the defendants. We agree with the motion judge that the plaintiff's evidence was insufficient to establish the liability of S.B. Realty and Frade's. However, because the plaintiff produced evidence, possibly admissible against ADAP as a vicarious admission on the issue of liability, the summary judgment for ADAP must be reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings.

Background. We recite the pertinent facts in the summary judgment record, viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Alioto v. Marnell, 402 Mass. 36, 37 (1988). At approximately 1:00 A.M. on December 31, 1997, the plaintiff, a truck driver, made a delivery to ADAP's New Bedford store. In the presence of two ADAP employees, later identified as Jerry Magnifico and Josh McGowan, the plaintiff got out of the cab, retrieved a tool and walked beside his truck along the top of an elevated area (berm), intending to lower the vehicle's tailgate. As he proceeded down the sloped surface of the berm, the plaintiff felt his foot slip out from under him. He fell off the berm and struck his head with the tool he had been carrying.

According to the plaintiff, Magnifico and McGowan came to his assistance and asked if he wanted an ambulance. He declined, but went inside the ADAP office for a few minutes. Then, when the three men went back outside, the two ADAP employees pointed to a sheen on the pavement of the berm where the plaintiff had been walking when he slipped. One of them (the plaintiff did not recall which one) volunteered that the sheen was due to fluid leaking from a nearby trash compactor on the top of the berm and that the leaking had gone on for several years. The other agreed. After the shiny area was pointed out to him, the plaintiff observed from a distance that oil was coming down the side of the berm and forming a puddle, but he did not further inspect the area at that time.

The plaintiff's account of this interchange was not confirmed, apparently because Magnifico and McGowan are no longer in ADAP's employ and have not been located.[²] The only other details in the summary judgment record about the two ADAP employees are the plaintiff's observation that Magnifico was in charge of the store that night, and ADAP's acknowledgment that Magnifico was the parts manager and that both men's job descriptions would have obliged them to report the incident, which apparently they did not do.

A few weeks later, but less than a month after the accident, the plaintiff returned to the site and observed an oily substance on the berm. While he was there, the plaintiff took some pictures that showed staining on the pavement. A week later, the plaintiff came to the scene yet again, this time with his son, a professional mechanic who has training and experience in the use and maintenance of hydraulic equipment. On that day, the pair made a closer examination, finding oil on the pavement and on the underside of the nearby trash compactor. The son, who professed familiarity with such things from his work and training, identified the substance in both areas as hydraulic fluid leaking from the compactor. More pictures were taken that showed staining on both the flat and sloped portions of the berm near the compactor and the dumpster to which it was attached. According to the plaintiff's son, the fluid was "really saturated" into the pavement. It was therefore his "personal opinion" that the compactor must have been dripping for at least three to four months. Stephen Coles, an acquaintance of the plaintiff and a former ADAP driver who made deliveries to the store, also testified at deposition that during visits to the premises prior to the plaintiff's accident, he had observed stains on the embankment and oily fluid running down from under the trash compactor.

While the defendants disputed the plaintiff's theory of the accident,[³] it was not contested that hydraulic fluid could leak from such equipment. Richard Frade, a principal of Frade's, acknowledged at deposition that hydraulic systems, like those in his firm's compactors, can leak hydraulic fluid on occasion, although he had no recollection of this occurring with the type of compactor involved here.

Discussion. "Any foreign substance, if unexpectedly encountered by a customer or other invitee on a floor, step, or walkway, can constitute a risk for purposes of imposing [premises] liability." Thurlow v. Shaw's Supermkts., Inc., 49 Mass. App. Ct. 175, 176 (2000). The plaintiff must identify the hazardous condition that caused him to slip, prove that it was present prior to his injury, and demonstrate that the defendant either caused the substance to be there, had actual knowledge of its existence, or had a reasonable opportunity to discover and remedy it. See Deagle v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 343 Mass. 263, 264-265 (1961); Oliveri v. Massachusetts Bay Transp. Authy., 363 Mass. 165, 167 (1973); Welch v. Angelo's Supermkt., Inc., 27 Mass. App. Ct. 1106, 1106 (1989).[⁴]

Here, the difficulty with the plaintiff's case is that, aside from the plaintiff's recounting of his exchange with the ADAP employees, there is insufficient proof from which a trier of fact could infer that the clear, oily substance detected by the plaintiff on his later visits was, in fact, the condition that caused him to slip and fall. The plaintiff, himself, did not contemporaneously identify what caused him to slip, and it was not for several weeks that he (and later his son) closely examined the site. Even if a fact finder reasonably could conclude from the evidence of stains on the pavement and the testimony of Stephen Coles that the trash compactor had been leaking for some considerable period of time, it remained a matter of speculation that this oily condition was responsible for the plaintiff's fall.

It is here where the assertions of the ADAP employees make a considerable difference. When Magnifico and McGowan pointed to the oily area on the berm, that conduct was an implicit statement by eyewitnesses to the accident that the plaintiff had slipped due to that condition. See Commonwealth v. Marrero, 436 Mass. 488, 496 (2002) (gesture may be communicative in nature and constitute an admission by deliberate nonverbal expression). They then identified the source of the oil as a long-standing leak from the trash compactor. All told, this evidence established the essential elements of the plaintiff's case.

The hurdle faced by the plaintiff is that the assertions of the ADAP employees are hearsay, which the defendants sought to strike from the summary judgment record.[⁵] See Madsen v. Erwin, 395 Mass. 715, 721 (1985) (absent motion to strike, judge has discretion to rely upon improper portions of opponent's affidavit). Thus, unless a hearsay exception applies, the plaintiff cannot use this evidence to avoid summary judgment. See ibid. (hearsay in affidavit); Flesner v. Technical Communications Corp., 410 Mass. 805, 817 (1991) (hearsay testimony in plaintiff's deposition). See also Mass.R.Civ.P. 56(e), 365 Mass. 824 (1974) (affidavits used to support or oppose a summary judgment motion "shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence").

The plaintiff points to no rationale that would allow the ADAP employees' communications to be used against Frade's and S.B. Realty.[⁶] However, he correctly observes that the communications are potentially admissible against ADAP if they qualify as vicarious admissions. "[A] vicarious admission describes an exception to the hearsay rule; namely, a witness may testify to the out-of-court statement of an agent of a party." Turners Falls Ltd. Partnership v. Board of Assessors of Montague, 54 Mass. App. Ct. 732, 736 (2002). See Ruszcyk v. Secretary of Pub. Safety, 401 Mass. 418, 420, 423 (1988) (adopting Proposed Mass.R.Evid....