Trustees of Cent. Pen. Fund v. Wolf Crane Service, No. 03-10303.

• Decision Date: 25 June 2004
• Docket Number: No. 03-10303.
• Citation: 374 F.3d 1035
• Parties: TRUSTEES OF THE CENTRAL PENSION FUND OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF OPERATING ENGINEERS AND PARTICIPATING EMPLOYERS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. WOLF CRANE SERVICE, INCORPORATED, a Florida Corporation, Defendant-Counter Claimant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

374 F.3d 1035

TRUSTEES OF THE CENTRAL PENSION FUND OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF OPERATING ENGINEERS AND PARTICIPATING EMPLOYERS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. WOLF CRANE SERVICE, INCORPORATED, a Florida Corporation, Defendant-Counter Claimant-Appellant.

No. 03-10303.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

June 25, 2004.

Craig J. Freger, Fort Lauderdale, FL, Thomas E. Elfers, Law Offices of Thomas E. Elfers, Miami, FL, for Wolf Crane Serv., Inc. D. Marcus Braswell, Jr., Sugarman & Susskind, P.A., Miami, FL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.

Before ANDERSON, CARNES and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Wolf Crane Services, Inc. ("Wolf Crane") appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the Trustees of the Central Pension Fund of the International Union of Operating Engineers and Participating Employers ("Pension Fund").¹ On appeal, we conclude with respect to Count I that the district court should have reviewed the arbitrator's legal conclusions de novo, and we conclude with respect to Count II that the district court erred in granting summary judgment.

BACKGROUND

In 1989, Wolf Crane negotiated with the Pension Fund and became a contributing employer. At the time of the negotiations, Pension Fund representatives told Wolf Crane that the fund was solvent and well managed. Apparently the opposite was true: the federal government took over the Pension Fund in 1991 and appointed trustees.

The last contract between Wolf Crane and the International Union of Operating Engineers ("the Union") expired on July 31, 1996, although the parties had begun negotiating for a new contract sometime before then. Wolf Crane's last proven payment to the Pension Fund was on June 25, 1996, but its employees continued to work without a contract. On December 31, 1996, Wolf Crane notified the Pension Fund that it would cease operations on that day. The last contract negotiations took place on January 15, 1997, and at approximately the same time, Wolf Crane announced that its facilities were being offered for sale or lease. As a result of the last unsuccessful negotiations, Wolf Crane declared an impasse. At that time, the Pension Fund made a formal demand for withdrawal payments, based on the expiration of the contract and Wolf Crane's continued operations. The next week, Wolf Crane served the Pension Fund with a statutory request for administrative review of the asserted withdrawal liability, which was ultimately rejected.

In February 1997, the Pension Fund filed the instant suit seeking withdrawal liability payments (Count I), minimum funding deficiency payments for 1992 through 1995 (Count II), and an injunction preventing Wolf Crane from alienating its assets. The same day, however, Wolf Crane sold its assets and equipment to another crane company, thus mooting the claim for an injunction.

In June 1997, Wolf Crane notified the Pension Fund that it was seeking arbitration on the withdrawal liability (Count I). The district court administratively closed the case pending the outcome of the arbitration. On February 3, 1999, the arbitrator decided in favor of the Pension Fund on the withdrawal liability issue, and Wolf Crane appealed the arbitrator's award to the district court. The district court, in April 1999, denied Wolf Crane's motion and affirmed the award, thus resolving Count I involving Wolf Crane's withdrawal liability.

In October 1999, the Pension Fund filed a motion to reopen the matter because the issue in Count II of the complaint, the minimum funding deficiency, had not yet been resolved. On October 16, 2001, the Pension Fund filed a motion for summary judgment on that issue. On August 19, 2002, and after proceedings not relevant to the issues on appeal, the district court granted the Pension Fund's motion for summary judgment on Count II by default because Wolf Crane had not responded to the Fund's motion. After the district court denied reconsideration, it entered a final judgment.² Judgment having been entered against Wolf Crane imposing upon it both withdrawal liability (Count I) and liability for minimum funding deficiency (Count II), Wolf Crane appealed. With respect to Count I, the dispositive issue for this appeal is the correct standard of review for a district court in reviewing an arbitrator's award under the Multi-Employer Pension Plan Amendments Act ("MPPAA"). With respect to Count II, the dispositive issue on appeal is whether a district court can grant summary judgment by default because a party has failed to file an opposition to a motion for summary judgment. We address each issue in turn.

COUNT I: STANDARD OF REVIEW OF ARBITRATOR'S DECISION UNDER MPPAA

The district court, when reviewing the arbitrator's award on Count I, the withdrawal liability issue, employed the standard of review found in the Federal Arbitration Act. The court stated that it would only disturb the arbitrator's findings of fact if it was "left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake had been committed." Order at 6 (quoting Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 1511, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985)). Conclusions of law, the court held, should also be given great deference and only reversed if there was manifest disregard for the law. Id. at 7. We hold that the district court applied an incorrect standard of review with regard to the legal conclusions of the arbitrator.

For cases brought under the MPPAA, the standard of review by the district court for factual findings made by the arbitrator is set out at 29 U.S.C. § 1401(c). This subsection states that "there shall be a presumption, rebuttable only by a clear preponderance of the evidence, that the findings of fact made by the arbitrator were correct." 29 U.S.C. § 1401(c). The Seventh Circuit labeled this standard "unique" and noted that it conflated "`clear and convincing evidence' with `preponderance of the evidence' to yield `clear preponderance of the evidence,'" a result which "would be bad enough if it referred to the finder of fact." Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co. v. Milwaukee Brewery Workers' Pension Plan, 3 F.3d 994, 998 (7th Cir.1993). The court then "repaired" the standard, holding that the standard of review for facts would be that typically used in the arbitration setting: the reviewing court would inquire as to whether the fact-finding was clearly erroneous. Id. at 999 (citing Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. at 573, 105 S.Ct. at 1511). With regard to the standard of review of the arbitrator's findings of fact, we agree with the Seventh Circuit and hold that the standard is clearly erroneous.

The question of what standard is to be applied to legal conclusions of the arbitrator is less clear. However, other courts have agreed upon a standard: all of the circuits that have considered this issue have determined that the review of legal issues should be de novo. Crown Cork & Seal v. Cent. States S.E. & S.W. Areas Pension Fund, 982 F.2d 857, 860 (3d Cir.1992); Trustees of Colo. Pipe Indus. Pension Trust v. Howard Elec. & Mech., Inc., 909 F.2d 1379, 1386 (10th Cir.1990); Trustees of Iron Workers Local 473 Pension Trust v. Allied Prod. Corp., 872 F.2d 208, 211-12 (7th Cir.1989)³; Union Asphalts and Roadoils, Inc. v. MO-KAN Teamsters Pension Fund, 857 F.2d 1230, 1233-34 (8th Cir.1988); Trustees of Amalgamated Ins. Fund v. Geltman Indus., 784 F.2d 926, 928-29 (9th Cir.1986); Bd. of Trustees of the W. Conf. v. Thompson Bldg. Mats., 749 F.2d 1396 (9th Cir.1984); I.A.M. Nat'l Pension Fund Benefit Plan C v. Stockton Tri Indus., 727 F.2d 1204, 1207 n. 7, 1210-12 (D.C.Cir.1984); see also Sherwin-Williams Co. v. New York State Teamsters Conf. Pension, 158 F.3d 387, 393 (6th Cir.1998) (focusing primarily on review of the arbitrator's findings of fact but also noting that the "arbitrator's application of the appropriate burden of evidence is a question of law we review de novo"); Bowers v. Andrew Weir Shipping, Ltd., 27 F.3d 800, 804 (2d. Cir.1994) (assuming "as do all the other circuits that have considered the issue" that de novo is the correct standard of review, but not deciding the issue); Republic Indus., Inc. v. Teamsters Joint Council No. 83 of Va. Pension Fund, 718 F.2d 628, 641 (4th Cir.1983) (without expressly elaborating on the fullness of judicial review of the arbitrator's legal rulings, the court rejected the Federal Arbitration Act's deferential standard, holding that 29 U.S.C. § 1401(b)(2) prevails and provides "effective judicial review of ... legal rulings").

In reaching this conclusion, courts have cited 29 U.S.C. § 1401(b)(3), which states that the MPPAA incorporates the Arbitration Act to the extent that it is consistent with other parts of this subchapter. These courts have reasoned that "the limited review of the Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. § 10) is inconsistent with § 1401(b)(2)'s broad mandate allowing courts to `enforce, vacate, or modify the arbitrator's award.'" Iron Workers, 872 F.2d at 212 (citing Union Asphalts, 857 F.2d at 1234-35; Republic Indus., 718 F.2d at 641); see also Amalgamated Ins. Fund, 784 F.2d at 928. Several courts, including the Seventh Circuit in Iron Workers, have also relied upon the fact that the MPPAA statutorily mandates arbitration of withdrawal liability,⁴ in contrast to the contractually agreed upon arbitration governed by the Federal Arbitration Act, noting that in the latter, deference was appropriate because it was the parties' agreed upon method of dispute resolution. 872 F.2d at 212; accord Huber v. Casablanca Indus., Inc., 916 F.2d 85, 89 n. 4 (3d Cir.1990), overruled in part on other grounds by Milwaukee Brewery Workers' Pension Plan v. Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co., 513 U.S. 414, 115 S.Ct. 981, 130 L.Ed.2d 932 (1995). The parties' lack of choice was thought to warrant less deference.

We join our sister circuits and hold that the appropriate standard of review is clear error for findings of...