U.S. ex rel. Houston v. Warden, Stateville Correctional Center, 80-1208

• Decision Date: 11 February 1981
• Docket Number: No. 80-1208,80-1208
• Citation: 635 F.2d 656
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America ex rel. Curtis HOUSTON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. WARDEN, STATEVILLE CORRECTIONAL CENTER, and Illinois Prisoner Review Board, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 656

635 F.2d 656

UNITED STATES of America ex rel. Curtis HOUSTON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. WARDEN, STATEVILLE CORRECTIONAL CENTER, and Illinois Prisoner Review Board, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 80-1208.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

Argued Oct. 29, 1980.

Decided Dec. 16, 1980.

Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied Feb. 11, 1981.

M. Anita Donath, Asst. Atty. Gen., Chicago, Ill., for defendants-appellees.

John Thomas Moran, Jr., Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellant.

Before FAIRCHILD, Chief Judge, SWYGERT and SPRECHER, Circuit Judges.

FAIRCHILD, Chief Judge.

Petitioner-appellant Curtis Houston appeals from the district court's denial of his habeas corpus petition. Houston argues that he was not afforded due process at a prison disciplinary hearing which resulted in his loss of six months' good-time credit. We affirm the judgment of the district court.

Houston was incarcerated at Pontiac Correctional Center on a two-year determinate sentence. He was entitled to be released from custody upon serving the full two-year term less credit for good behavior. Ill.Rev.Stat. ch. 38, § 1003-3-5(e). From the time that his incarceration began, Houston knew that he would be released April 19, 1979 unless he engaged in behavior which would forfeit earned good-time credit.

On October 17, 1978, Houston received an "Institutional Disciplinary Report" which charged that on August 23 of that year Houston had interfered with a food cart, attempted to upset it, and attempted to steal food from the cart. A disciplinary hearing was held on these charges October 19, at which the report was introduced into evidence and Houston appeared in his own defense. Although Houston did not dispute the charge that he had stopped the food cart, he claimed to have done so to get the attention of a correctional officer in order to request medicines to prevent epileptic seizures. Houston alleged that he regularly needed such medicine, but had been denied it since the major prison disturbance a month before the incident involved here. The disciplinary committee found Houston guilty of disobeying an order and of committing a mutinous act; it recommended that he be assigned to segregation for a year, demoted to "C" grade for one year (barred from earning any further good time credit for that period), and deprived of one year of earned good time. This recommendation was approved by the Department of Corrections Administrative Review Board and the Prisoner Review Board, although the latter board reduced the loss of good time to six months.

Petitioner claims that a prisoner serving a determinate sentence must receive greater due process safeguards before being deprived of good time than those afforded to a prisoner serving an indeterminate sentence. Houston claims that he should have been allowed to cross-examine the correctional officer who wrote the disciplinary report; further, petitioner argues that he should have been afforded the right to counsel. The United States Supreme Court ruled in Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974), that a prisoner with an indeterminate sentence did not have the right to confront witnesses against him or to be represented by counsel in a disciplinary hearing before good time credits could be revoked. Id. at 567-70, 94 S.Ct. at 2980-81. We must examine the differences between determinate and indeterminate sentences to determine whether the district court properly applied the Wolff due process requirements to the case before us.

A prisoner with a determinate sentence must be released at the end of the sentence, less credit for good time earned. No paroling authority is available to release the prisoner at any earlier time. Release cannot be later than the end of the term and earning the maximum possible amount of good time sets a specific earliest possible release date.

On the contrary, the situation of a prisoner with an indeterminate sentence differs. As an example, we may consider a prisoner sentenced to a 3-6 year term. This prisoner knows that the term cannot be more than six years, less credit for good time earned. A paroling authority may decide to release the prisoner at any time between the minimum of three years less good-time earned and the maximum term. Ill.Rev.Stat. ch. 38, § 1003-3-3. Depriving this prisoner of good time credit does not certainly deprive him/her of release because the paroling authority can decide to release the prisoner at any time between the minimum and maximum terms (less applicable good-time credits). Although it is true that the indeterminately-sentenced prisoner who actually serves the maximum sentence is in a position similar to the prisoner with a determinate sentence, in fact few indeterminately-sentenced prisoners serve the maximum term. Although their situations do differ, this does not compel us to accord them different due process protections.

A prisoner already granted a specific parole date subject to continued good behavior in the prison until that date is in a position similar to the prisoner with a determinate sentence and an expectation of being released on a specific date determined by the length of the sentence less expected good-time credit. In both of these instances the prisoner knows a specific date of release subject to continued good behavior in the prison until that date. This court has already ruled that the Wolff due process requirements are all that are required for the prisoner in the parole rescission situation, where a grant of parole is reversed because of the discovery before the set date of release of improper institutional conduct by or adverse information about the prisoner. Christopher v. United States Board of Parole, 589 F.2d 924 (7th Cir. 1978). ¹ In Christopher, release on the set date was " 'conditioned upon the continued good conduct by the prisoner and the completion of a satisfactory plan for parole supervision,' " and upon the absence of " 'new information adverse to the prisoner regarding matters other than institutional misconduct.' " Id. at 927-78 (citations omitted). In the present case, Houston's release on the date of completion of the full sentence less anticipated good time was similarly conditional.

As in Christopher, the district court here properly applied the balancing test of Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334-35, 96 S.Ct. 893, 902-03, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976), to determine how much process was due to the petitioner:

In determining what process is due the Court has generally considered three factors: first, the private interest affected; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest; and finally, the government's interest....