U.S. v. Alexander, No. 81-1322
| Court | United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (9th Circuit) |
| Writing for the Court | Before FLETCHER, POOLE and CANBY; PER CURIAM |
| Citation | 673 F.2d 287 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff/Appellee, v. Glen ALEXANDER, Defendant/Appellant. |
| Docket Number | No. 81-1322 |
| Decision Date | 01 April 1982 |
Page 287
v.
Glen ALEXANDER, Defendant/Appellant.
Ninth Circuit.
Decided April 1, 1982.
Page 288
Steven J. Heiser, San Francisco, Cal., argued for defendant-appellant; Claudia Wilken, Wilken & Leverett, Berkeley, Cal., on brief.
John Gibbons, Asst. U. S. Atty., San Francisco, Cal., argued for plaintiff-appellee; Eric Swensen, Asst. U. S. Atty., San Francisco, Cal., on brief.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.
Before FLETCHER, POOLE and CANBY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Appellant was convicted of conspiracy to distribute cocaine and possession with intent to distribute cocaine, under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 21 U.S.C. § 801 et seq. He appeals the district court's denial of his motion to dismiss the indictment. The motion was based on the ground that the Drug Enforcement Agency abused its discretion in failing to reclassify cocaine as a nonnarcotic, thus rendering the penalties for cocaine offenses unconstitutionally uncertain. The district court refused to hold an evidentiary hearing on the motion. We affirm.
It is well settled that the Schedule II classification of cocaine as a narcotic under 21 U.S.C. § 812 is constitutional. United States v. Marshall, 532 F.2d 1279, 1287-88 (9th Cir. 1976); United States v. Harper, 530 F.2d 828 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 820, 97 S.Ct. 66, 50 L.Ed.2d 80 (1976); United States v. Stieren, 608 F.2d 1135, 1136 (8th Cir. 1979); United States v. Vila, 599 F.2d 21, 25 (2d Cir. 1979); Government of Canal Zone v. Davis, 592 F.2d 887, 890 (5th Cir. 1979); United States v. Solow, 574 F.2d 1318 (5th Cir. 1978); United States v. Lane, 574 F.2d 1019, 1022 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 867, 99 S.Ct. 193, 58 L.Ed.2d 177 (1978); United States v. McCormick, 565 F.2d 286, 289 (4th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1021, 98 S.Ct. 747, 54 L.Ed.2d 769 (1978).
This court is limited to an inquiry into whether a classification or refusal to reclassify is irrational or unreasonable; "legislative classifications need not be perfect or ideal." Marshall v. United States, 414 U.S. 417, 428, 94 S.Ct. 700, 707, 38 L.Ed.2d 618 (1974); see United States v. DiLaura, 394 F.Supp. 770, 772 (D.Mass.1974). Congress, in recognition that "controlled substances have a substantial and detrimental effect on the health and general welfare" has elected to classify cocaine as a narcotic for purposes of the Controlled Substances Act, and has not chosen to reclassify the drug to a lower...
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U.S. v. Touby, Nos. 89-5604
...to schedule drugs on a permanent basis since 1970, a power which has been consistently upheld. See, e.g., United States v. Alexander, 673 F.2d 287 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 876, 103 S.Ct. 168, 74 L.Ed.2d 139 (1982); United States v. Barron, 594 F.2d 1345 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, ......
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US v. Hovey, Crim. A. No. 86-2.
...CSA is now codified as amended at 21 U.S.C. §§ 801-904 (1982). 4 5 U.S.C. §§ 551-559 (1982) (the "APA"). 5 See, e.g., U.S. v. Alexander, 673 F.2d 287 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 876, 103 S.Ct. 168, 74 L.Ed.2d 139 (1982); U.S. v. Barron, 594 F.2d 1345 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 441 U.......
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U.S. v. Whitley, Nos. 83-5428
...and detrimental effect on the health and general welfare, and elected to classify cocaine as a narcotic--". United States v. Alexander, 673 F.2d 287, 288 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 876, 103 S.Ct. 168, 74 L.Ed.2d 139 (1982). We find that in light of the goals of the Act, and the wide......
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People v. O'Neal, Docket No. 58315
...States v. Gordon, 580 F.2d 827 (CA 5, 1978), cert. den., 439 U.S. 1051, 99 S.Ct. 731, 58 L.Ed.2d 711 (1978); United States v. Alexander, 673 F.2d 287 (CA 9, 1982); United States v. Pastor, 557 F.2d 930 (CA 2, 1977). Therefore, for the reasons announced earlier, and because the overwhelming ......
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US v. Hovey, Crim. A. No. 86-2.
...CSA is now codified as amended at 21 U.S.C. §§ 801-904 (1982). 4 5 U.S.C. §§ 551-559 (1982) (the "APA"). 5 See, e.g., U.S. v. Alexander, 673 F.2d 287 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 876, 103 S.Ct. 168, 74 L.Ed.2d 139 (1982); U.S. v. Barron, 594 F.2d 1345 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 441 U.......
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U.S. v. Whitley, Nos. 83-5428
...and detrimental effect on the health and general welfare, and elected to classify cocaine as a narcotic--". United States v. Alexander, 673 F.2d 287, 288 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 876, 103 S.Ct. 168, 74 L.Ed.2d 139 (1982). We find that in light of the goals of the Act, and the wide......
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U.S. v. Touby, Nos. 89-5604
...to schedule drugs on a permanent basis since 1970, a power which has been consistently upheld. See, e.g., United States v. Alexander, 673 F.2d 287 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 876, 103 S.Ct. 168, 74 L.Ed.2d 139 (1982); United States v. Barron, 594 F.2d 1345 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, ......
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People v. O'Neal, Docket No. 58315
...States v. Gordon, 580 F.2d 827 (CA 5, 1978), cert. den., 439 U.S. 1051, 99 S.Ct. 731, 58 L.Ed.2d 711 (1978); United States v. Alexander, 673 F.2d 287 (CA 9, 1982); United States v. Pastor, 557 F.2d 930 (CA 2, 1977). Therefore, for the reasons announced earlier, and because the overwhelming ......