U.S. v. Bannister

Decision Date08 April 2011
Docket NumberNo. 10–CR–0053.,10–CR–0053.
Citation786 F.Supp.2d 617
PartiesUNITED STATES of Americav.Damien BANNISTER, Darrell Bannister, Christopher Hall, Cyril McCray, Eric Morris, Roger Patrick, James Ross, Derrick Tatum, Indio Tatum, Jawara Tatum, and Pedro Torres, Defendants.
CourtU.S. District Court — Eastern District of New York

OPINION TEXT STARTS HERE

Loretta Lynch, United States Attorney, Eastern District of New York, by Daniel S. Silver and Seth David DuCharme.Joel Cohen, New York, N.Y., for defendant Damien Bannister.Jeremy L. Gutman, New York, N.Y., for defendant Darrell Bannister.Robert L. Moore, Quesada & Moore, LLP, West Hempstead, N.Y., for defendant Christopher Hall.John S. Wallenstein, Garden City, N.Y., for defendant Cyril McCray.Michael H. Soroka, Mineola, N.Y., for defendant Roger Patrick.Erika McDaniel Edwards, Donaldson, Chilliest & McDaniel, LLP, New York, N.Y., for defendant Derrick Tatum.Heidi C. Cesare, Federal Defenders of New York, Inc., Brooklyn, N.Y., for defendant Jawara Tatum.Margaret M. Shalley, Fasulo, Shalley & DiMaggio, LLP, New York, N.Y., for defendant Pedro Torres.

Amended Statement of Reasons Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2)

JACK B. WEINSTEIN, District Judge:

+----------------------------------+
                ¦Introduction                  ¦623¦
                +----------------------------------+
                
I.  Facts                                                               624
                
    A.   Place                                                          624
                
         1.  Bedford–Stuyvesant                                         624
                         2.  Louis Armstrong Houses                                     626
                
             a.  Physical Environment                                   626
                             b.  Residents                                              627
                
    B.   Conspiracy                                                     628
                
         1.  Members of Conspiracy                                      628
                         2.  Investigation of Conspiracy                                629
                
    C.   History and Sociology                                          630
                
         1.  Roots of African American Segregation and Poverty          631
                
             a.  Segregation and the Civil Rights Movement              631
                             b.  Urbanization and Unemployment                          632
                
         2.  Government Efforts to Alleviate Poverty and Poor Living    633
                             Conditions
                
             a.  Public Housing                                         633
                             b.  Welfare Policy                                         634
                
         3.  Economic and Social Conditions of Those in Defendants'     635
                             Position
                
             a.  Racial Segregation                                     636
                             b.  Poverty and Unemployment                               636
                             c.  Health Problems                                        638
                             d.  Family Structure                                       638
                
             e.  Undereducation                                         639
                             f.  Social Values                                          641
                             g.  Prevalence of Crime                                    642
                
         4.  Victims of Crime                                           644
                
    D.   Anti–Drug Abuse Act of 1986                                    645
                
         1.  Historical Drug Sentencing Laws                            645
                         2.  Congressional Awareness of Racial Disparity                646
                         3.  Procedural Irregularities in Legislative History           646
                         4.  Departures from Established Penal Policy                   647
                         5.  Racially Disparate Impact                                  648
                
    E.   Incarceration Policy                                           649
                
         1.  Mass Incarceration                                         649
                         2.  Racial Disparity                                           651
                         3.  Consequences                                               653
                
             a.  Inmates, Families, and Communities                     653
                             b.  Collateral                                             653
                             c.  Fiscal                                                 654
                
         4.  Alternatives                                               655
                
             a.  Generally                                              655
                             b.  Non–Incarceratory Sentencing                           656
                
         5.  Effectiveness in Reducing Crime                            657
                
             a.  Rehabilitation                                         657
                             b.  Incapacitation                                         659
                             c.  General and Specific Deterrence                        660
                
         6.  Employment and Social Integration of Ex–Prisoners          661
                
II. Law                                                                 662
                
    A.   Sentencing Rules                                               662
                    B.   Equal Protection                                               663
                
         1.  Mandatory Minimum Sentences                                663
                         2.  Framework                                                  664
                         3.  Discriminatory Effect                                      664
                         4.  Discriminatory Purpose                                     664
                         5.  Conclusion as to Constitutionality                         666
                
    C.   Rationale                                                      668
                
         1.  General Deterrence                                         668
                         2.  Specific Deterrence and Rehabilitation                     668
                         3.  Incapacitation                                             668
                         4.  Retribution                                                669
                
III. Application of Law to Defendants                                   670
                
    A.   Excessiveness                                                  670
                    B.   Individual Defendants                                          670
                
         1.  Damien Bannister                                           670
                
             a.  Background                                             670
                             b.  Offense                                                671
                             c.  Sentence                                               672
                
         2.  Darrell Bannister                                          672
                
             a.  Background                                             672
                             b.  Offense                                                673
                             c.  Sentence                                               674
                
         3.  Christopher Hall                                           674
                
             a.  Background                                             674
                             b.  Offense                                                675
                             c.  Sentence                                               675
                
         4.  Cyril McCray                                               676
                
             a.  Background                                             676
                             b.  Offense                                                677
                             c.  Sentence                                               678
                
         5.  Roger Patrick                                              678
                
             a.  Background                                             678
                             b.  Offense                                                679
                             c.  Sentence                                               679
                
         6.  Derrick Tatum                                              680
                
             a.  Background                                             680
                             b.  Offense                                                681
                             c.  Sentence                                               682
                
         7.  Jawara Tatum                                               682
                
             a.  Background                                             682
                             b.  Offense                                                685
                             c.  Sentence                                               685
                
         8.  Pedro Torres                                               685
                
             a.  Background                                             685
                             b.  Offense                                                686
                             c.  Sentence                                               687
                
    C.   Summary of Sentences Covered in this Memorandum                687
                
IV. Conclusion                                                          688
                

Introduction

Almost filling the jury box were the defendantsDamien Bannister, Darrell Bannister, Christopher Hall, Cyril McCray, Eric Morris, Roger Patrick, James Ross, Derrick Tatum, Indio Tatum, Jawara Tatum, and Pedro Torres—eleven males, ranging in age from twenty-one to forty-nine, ten African American and one Hispanic. Fully occupying the well of the court were counsel for the defendants, assistant United States attorneys, agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and a phalanx of United States Marshals. Jammed into the gallery were defendants' anxious mothers, girlfriends, other family members, and friends.

The indictment embraced twenty-three counts connected by a conspiracy to sell, and the selling of, crack cocaine and heroin in the hallways of, and the streets surrounding, a public housing project in Brooklyn between September 2007 and January 2010. Guns were carried. The lives of the residents were made miserable by the attendant depravity and violence. These were serious crimes.

The unspoken questions permeating the courtroom were: How did these eleven come to this pass, and what should be done with them if they were convicted, as all of them eventually were, by guilty pleas? Some of the unsatisfactory answers in such all-too-frequent urban tragedies are discussed in the memorandum that follows.

The issue of what should...

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    ...itself has reported that the crack/powder disparity produces disproportionately harsh sanctions."); United States v. Bannister , 786 F. Supp. 2d 617, 648 (E.D.N.Y. 2011) ("Overwhelming data, analyses, and judicial findings support the conclusion of a disparate racial impact in the mandatory......
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    ...harsh sanctions."), and which was executed in ways that have been described as racially biased, United States v. Bannister , 786 F. Supp. 2d 617, 648 (E.D.N.Y. 2011) ("Overwhelming data, analyses, and judicial findings support the conclusion of a disparate racial impact in the mandatory min......
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    ...occasions, justified the sentence imposed.Jones cites the thorough opinion by the late Judge Weinstein in United States v. Bannister , 786 F. Supp. 2d 617 (E.D.N.Y. 2011), which reviewed broad issues of race, poverty, and history shaping the criminal justice system, federal sentencing law, ......
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1 books & journal articles
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    • United States
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