U.S. v. Brown, 94-6185

• Decision Date: 26 September 1995
• Docket Number: No. 94-6185,94-6185
• Citation: 66 F.3d 124
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Rose BROWN, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Page 124

66 F.3d 124

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Rose BROWN, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 94-6185.

United States Court of Appeals Sixth Circuit.

Argued Aug. 10, 1995.

Decided Sept. 26, 1995.

Linda Harris, Asst. U.S. Attorney (argued), Amy E. Spain (briefed), Memphis, TN, for plaintiff-appellee.

G. William Hymers, III (argued and briefed), Jackson, TN, for defendant-appellant.

Before: RYAN, BATCHELDER, and MOORE, Circuit Judges.

MOORE, Circuit Judge.

A federal grand jury returned indictments against Rose Brown and two other employees of the city of Humboldt, Tennessee, charging each individual with embezzlement in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 666 and conspiracy to embezzle in violation of 18 U.S.C. Secs. 371, 666. After a short trial in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Tennessee, the jury convicted Brown on all counts. The district judge sentenced her to twenty-seven months for each count, to be served concurrently, and ordered $31,279.35 in restitution. Brown raises four main issues on appeal: (1) whether her statement to a Tennessee investigator was improperly admitted, (2) whether the evidence was sufficient to warrant conviction, (3) whether the prosecutor's closing argument constitutes grounds for reversal, and (4) whether the district judge properly applied the sentencing guidelines. This court finds no basis for reversal.

I.

Brown's first assignment of error involves the district judge's denial of her motion to suppress a sworn statement she gave to Tennessee Bureau of Investigation ("TBI") agent Tommy Lewis. She claims that the district court erroneously concluded that she was first read her Miranda rights and that the statement was voluntary. This court will reverse the district court's findings of fact only if they are clearly erroneous. United States v. Baro, 15 F.3d 563, 566 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 285, 130 L.Ed.2d 201 (1994).

There was ample evidence to support the district court's conclusion that Brown was aware of her Miranda rights at the time she made the statement. At the suppression hearing, Brown did not dispute that she signed a Miranda waiver; she simply claimed that she signed it after the questioning was over. However, Lewis testified that he apprised Brown of her rights before beginning the interview and that Brown understood, agreed to, and signed the waiver at that time. In light of this evidence, the district court was not clearly erroneous in concluding that Miranda did not bar admission of the statement. Brown's statements at trial cast even more doubt on her credibility: she claimed not to have read any of the forms she signed, yet her earlier testimony was that the TBI statement's pages were not numbered and that the Miranda waiver did not show the time of day, suggesting that she had read the forms. See United States v. Hicks, 978 F.2d 722, 724-25 (D.C.Cir.1992) (approving use of trial evidence to affirm pre-trial suppression ruling).

Regardless of whether Brown received Miranda warnings, her statement would be inadmissible on due process grounds if it were given involuntarily. United States v. Macklin, 900 F.2d 948, 951 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 840, 111 S.Ct. 116, 112 L.Ed.2d 86 (1990). To determine voluntariness, a court must examine whether law enforcement officials have overborne the defendant's will, Lynumn v. Illinois, 372 U.S. 528, 534, 83 S.Ct. 917, 920, 9 L.Ed.2d 922 (1963), through coercive activity, Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 167, 107 S.Ct. 515, 521, 93 L.Ed.2d 473 (1986). The appellant's brief intimates that Lewis coerced Brown by denying her access to family members and medicine. However, the evidence clearly shows that Brown never asked to leave the interview, that the subject of access to her family never arose, and that she never indicated that she was ill or needed her medicine. There is no basis here for a finding of coercion or involuntariness. Cf. Haynes v. Washington, 373 U.S. 503, 514, 83 S.Ct. 1336, 1343, 10 L.Ed.2d 513 (1963) (finding involuntariness where police expressly denied defendant access to family until he made statement). We therefore conclude that the district court did not err in admitting defendant's TBI statement.

II.

Brown next challenges the district court's denial of her motion for a judgment of acquittal based on insufficiency of the evidence. In reviewing such a claim, this court determines " 'whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.' " United States v. Ellzey, 874 F.2d 324, 328 (6th Cir.1989) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)). On appeal, Brown claims that the evidence did not establish that she stole the amount needed for a federal embezzlement conviction.

Conviction under the embezzlement statute is not appropriate unless the defendant has misappropriated at least $5000. 18 U.S.C. Sec. 666(a)(1)(A)(i). In her TBI statement, Brown admitted unauthorized receipt of $4747.56 in municipal funds. Brown now argues that this admission is the only evidence that a reasonable jury could have believed. The record, however, does not support such a claim. First, the TBI statement also reveals that Brown confessed to taking other funds, although no amount is specified. Second, a certified public accountant who audited the city's finances testified that in 1991 Brown received $7336.01 to which she was not entitled, and that the figure rose to $23,943.34 in 1992. Third, Brown's coworker and the city's bookkeeper, Judy Cook, testified in great detail regarding the embezzlement scheme in which she and all three defendants participated. Although Cook was a co-conspirator whose testimony was the result of a plea bargain, her testimony was not so inherently unreliable as to be worthless in the eyes of the jury. Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, therefore, this evidence was sufficient for conviction on all counts.

III.

Brown also alleges that the prosecutor made several improper comments during closing argument, amounting to reversible error. This court's recent holding in United States v. Carroll, 26 F.3d 1380, 1384-90 (6th Cir.1994), clarified the test to be applied to claims of prosecutorial misconduct. First, we determine whether the conduct was improper under United States v. Bess, 593 F.2d 749 (6th Cir.1979). Improper conduct is then examined for flagrancy under United States v. Leon, 534 F.2d 667 (6th Cir.1976). If the conduct is found not to be flagrant, we will reverse only when (1) the proof against the defendant was not overwhelming, (2) opposing counsel objected to the conduct, and (3) the district court failed to give a curative instruction. Carroll, 26 F.3d at 1384-90 (reconciling Bess and Leon ). In the absence of an objection, only flagrant conduct will warrant a "plain error" reversal. Id. at 1385 n. 6.

Brown contends that the prosecution's closing argument contained three discrete instances of reversible error. The first occurred when the prosecutor told the jury that Cook "was honest with you," the second when the prosecutor pointed out that the defense had failed to call a handwriting expert, and the third when the prosecutor implied that Brown's lawyer "knew" that calling an IRS witness would only have hurt her defense. Regardless of whether these remarks were improper, none of them was flagrant, and none constitutes grounds for reversal.

Carroll lists three factors to consider when determining flagrancy of prosecutorial comments: (1) the tendency of the comments to mislead the jury or prejudice the defendant, (2) whether the comments were isolated or extensive, and (3) whether the comments were made deliberately. 26 F.3d at 1385. Although each of the comments at issue here might be said to have misled the jury, there is no indication that they were anything but isolated, inadvertent remarks on the part of the prosecution. None should be considered flagrant.

The analysis thus focuses on whether (1) the proof against the defendant was overwhelming, (2) opposing counsel objected to the conduct, and (3) the district court gave a curative instruction. Carroll, 26 F.3d at 1385-86. Given the overwhelming evidence against Brown, the prosecutor's comments do not warrant reversal. The jury already had before it a signed confession and the relatively uncontroverted testimonies of a co-conspirator and an independent auditor. The prosecutor's remarks, improper or not, were not going to turn the tide against Brown; the tide had already turned.

In addition, Brown's lawyer failed to object to the comment on Cook's honesty, and the district judge gave a curative instruction immediately after the objection to the prosecution's mention of the handwriting expert. This court will not reverse on the basis of non-flagrant conduct unless the appellant timely objected and the...