U.S. v. Chatman

• Decision Date: 09 March 1989
• Docket Number: No. 87-5351,87-5351
• Citation: 869 F.2d 525
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Gregory Lee CHATMAN, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 525

869 F.2d 525

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Gregory Lee CHATMAN, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 87-5351.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Aug. 1, 1988.

Decided March 9, 1989.

H. Dean Steward, Federal Public Defenders, Santa Ana, Cal., for defendant-appellant.

Harriet M. Rolnick, Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Before FLETCHER, CANBY and O'SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judges.

CANBY, Circuit Judge:

INTRODUCTION

In 1984 the United States Congress enacted the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C.App. Sec. 1202(a) (repealed and later incorporated into 18 U.S.C. Sec. 924(e)(1)) ("the Act"). The Act provides a mandatory 15 year prison sentence for "a person who violates section 922(g) [firearm offense] ... and has three previous convictions by any court ... for a violent felony...." Violent felony is defined to include within its provisions "burglary." 18 U.S.C. Sec. 924(e)(2)(B)(ii).

Appellant Gregory L. Chatman was caught stealing property from an unoccupied car. A patdown search revealed a gun in his waistband. He was indicted under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 922(g)(1) for being a felon in possession of a firearm. Chatman was sentenced under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 924(e)(1), to fifteen years in federal prison, without the possibility of parole, probation or a suspension of sentence. Chatman had previously pleaded guilty to three other counts of "auto burglary" under California law. In each of the prior instances, Chatman was unarmed.

ISSUE

Chatman attacks his enhanced sentence on several grounds. We do not reach most them, ¹ for we find the following issue dispositive:

Does "auto burglary," defined by California to include unarmed theft from an unoccupied locked vehicle, qualify as a "burglary" under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 924, which mandates a fifteen year prison sentence for violators with three prior convictions We conclude that it does not. We therefore vacate Chatman's sentence and remand for resentencing.

of "violent felony," specifically including "burglary"?

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Interpretation and application of the Armed Career Criminal Act calls for de novo review. See e.g., United States v. Henderson, 746 F.2d 619 (9th Cir.1984) aff'd, 476 U.S. 321, 106 S.Ct. 1871, 90 L.Ed.2d 299 (1986). Because it is a penal statute, the Act is to be strictly construed in favor of the accused. United States v. Gilbert, 813 F.2d 1523, 1526 (9th Cir.) cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 108 S.Ct. 173, 98 L.Ed.2d 127 (1987) (citing to United States v. Kelly, 527 F.2d 961, 964 (9th Cir.1976)). A penal statute must "define the criminal offense with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement." Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 357, 103 S.Ct. 1855, 1858, 75 L.Ed.2d 903 (1983).

DISCUSSION

Auto Burglary

Chatman argues that auto burglary is not a violent felony within the meaning of the Act. The Government responds that all burglaries are "violent felonies" encompassed within the Act's provision for "burglary." The Act provides as follows:

[t]he term "violent felony" means any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year that--

(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another; or

(ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.

18 U.S.C. Sec. 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). The Fourth Circuit recently held that the term "burglary" in the Armed Career Criminal Act is to be given its common law definition. United States v. Headspeth, 852 F.2d 753 (4th Cir.1988). Because we wish to avoid creating an unnecessary intercircuit conflict on this novel issue, see e.g., United States v. Gwaltney, 790 F.2d 1378, 1388 n. 4 (9th Cir.1986) cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1104, 107 S.Ct. 1337, 94 L.Ed.2d 187 (1987), and because we agree with the Fourth Circuit's reasoning in Headspeth, we hold that, by leaving the term burglary undefined, Congress intended it to have its common law meaning. "Burglary" therefore means the breaking and entering of the dwelling house of another, in the nighttime, with the intent to commit a felony therein. Headspeth, 852 F.2d at 757.

The statute does not by its terms define "burglary," but the context suggests that Congress had in mind something more dangerous than theft from a locked vehicle. The enhancement provision refers to a crime that "is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosive, or otherwise presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." 18 U.S.C. Sec. 924(e)(2)(B)(ii) (emphasis added). Burglary is entirely out of place in that list unless it is defined so that it describes a crime engendering serious risk of injury to persons. Although the government suggests that theft from an automobile may end in such injury, that rationale, based on mere possibility, would make virtually every property crime violent. The words of the statute simply do not support such a broad reading.

Neither does the legislative history, some aspects of which we examined in United States v. Sherbondy, 865 F.2d 996 (9th Cir.1988). The scope of the Act was the subject of much debate and the final version of the bill overrode amendments which sought specifically to define the term "burglary." A rejected provision would have expanded the common law term. See Armed Career Criminal Legislation: Hearing on H.R. 4639 and H.R. 4768 Before the Subcomm. on Crime of the House Comm. on the Judiciary, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 44 (May 21, 1986) ("Hearing"). Another rejected provision would have led to a broad inclusion of property crimes. H.R. 4639, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. (1986). An amendment which would have defined the predicate Senator Arlen Specter, principal sponsor of the bill, stated that the purpose of the legislation was to incapacitate that small segment of the criminal population that is responsible for the great majority of crimes. 130 Cong.Rec. S. 13080 (daily ed. Oct. 4, 1984). In view of the need to respect the states' traditional role in enforcement of common law crimes, and in light of scarce federal investigative resources and limited prison space, the law's mandatory 15 year term aimed to strike at "career criminals [who] would be among the worst and most deserving of being incarcerated." 130 Cong.Rec. S. 1559 (daily ed. Feb. 23, 1984) (statement by Sen. Specter). The record before us makes it hard to believe that this is what we are dealing with here, reprehensible as it may be to steal property from locked automobiles.

offenses by reference to "an element [involving] the use, attempted use or threatened use of physical force against the person of another," H.R. 4768, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. (1986), was turned down because it would exclude violent crimes against property. The final version sought to bridge the gap between those who would include a wide variety of property crimes and those who would include only offenses with an element of force against the person. See Sherbondy, 865 F.2d at 1007.

The Act was designed to keep a distance between state and federal criminal law. It does not create a new Federal crime, United States v. West, 826 F.2d 909, 912 (9th Cir.1987), but merely enhances the penalty for the existing Federal offenses relating to firearms. "It would not permit the Federal prosecution of any individual who could not be prosecuted under current Federal law, and would not trespass upon any State prosecution or require Federal courts to apply State law." 130 Cong.Rec. S. 13080 (daily ed. Oct. 4, 1984) (statement of Sen. Specter). Congress did not seek a "radical expansion of Federal jurisdiction over common law crimes." H.R.Rep. No. 1073, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., 5 (1984), reprinted in 1984 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 3661, 3665.

State criminal statutes define burglary in a multiplicity of ways. Definitions range from the common law view, to entering a building with intent to commit a felony, to simple shoplifting. See generally, W. La Fave and A. Scott, Substantive Criminal Law, Sec. 8.13 ("Substantive Criminal Law"). Yet Congress was of the view that enhancement under the Act "would not put Federal courts in a position of having to interpret and apply State laws on robbery and burglary in Federal criminal trials." H.R.Rep. 1073 at 5-6, 1984 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News at 3665. Nor did Congress intend to punish the state crime itself. "It appeared to the Subcommittee [on Crime], therefore, that although there was a need to extend some Federal aid to curb these career criminals there were serious reservations as to the appropriateness of prosecutions of local burglaries or robberies under a Federal statute." H.R. 1073 at 4, 1984 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News at 3664.

The overwhelming impression created by the legislative history is the same as that which we gleaned from the structure of section 924(e)(2)(B)(ii): Congress intended "burglary" to be a crime of particular danger to the person, and not to include all of the common property offenses that states might choose to denominate as burglary. As we said in Sherbondy, the provision as finally enacted "includes four specific categories of property crime, each of which Congress believed involves conduct which poses a particularly serious 'risk of injury to another.' " Sherbondy, 865 F.2d 1009.

The California statute under which Chatman was previously convicted provides in pertinent part:

Every person who enters any house, room, apartment, shop, warehouse, store, ... [or] vehicle as defined by the Vehicle Code when the doors are locked, ... with intent to commit grand or petit larceny or any felony is guilty of burglary.

Cal.Penal Code Sec. 459. Each information under which Chatman was convicted charged him...