U.S. v. Condo

• Decision Date: 19 February 1986
• Docket Number: No. 85-5106,85-5106
• Citation: 782 F.2d 1502
• Parties: , 54 USLW 2479 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Armen B. CONDO, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 1502

782 F.2d 1502

54 USLW 2452, 54 USLW 2479

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Armen B. CONDO, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 85-5106.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Dec. 5, 1985.

Decided Feb. 19, 1986.

Jeffrey Modisett, Asst. U.S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiff-appellee.

Wayne R. Young, Santa Monica, Cal., for defendant-appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Before FLETCHER, PREGERSON and CANBY, Circuit Judges.

FLETCHER, Circuit Judge:

Armen Condo appeals from his conviction for illegal possession of firearms by a felon (18 U.S.C.App. Sec. 1202(a)(1) (1982) ). The appeal turns on whether evidence seized pursuant to an IRS entry warrant should be suppressed. We affirm.

FACTS

In earlier proceedings, Condo was convicted of 18 felony counts of mail fraud, 14 felony counts of advising and assisting in the preparation and submission of fraudulent documents, and 9 misdemeanor counts of aiding and abetting tax fraud. The convictions arose from his involvement in the tax protest group "Your Heritage Protection Association" (YHPA). Condo was both a founder and director of the group, which expounds the theory that because United States currency is not backed by gold or silver, it is not taxable income.

Condo was sentenced to prison on the convictions, but remained free on bail while he appealed. One of the conditions of his release on bail was that he refrain from advising others to claim excessive withholding exemptions or not to pay taxes. The government moved to revoke defendant's bail on the ground that he had violated this condition. The district court denied the motion without explanation.

A few weeks later, the IRS sent Condo notice that he was being assessed a penalty of $1,474,000 for aiding and abetting understatement of tax liability. It was alleged that Condo had helped others understate their tax liability on 1,474 occasions during the period he was free on bail. He was penalized $1,000 for each count. The government then filed a tax lien for the $1,474,000. Condo wrote to the IRS denying About two months later, the government filed an ex parte application for an order authorizing entry onto Condo's residential and business premises to seize property subject to levy to satisfy the assessed penalty. IRS Revenue Officer Janice Dean filed a declaration in support of the application.

liability for the assessment. He sent a second letter challenging the constitutionality of the statute under which the penalty was assessed. One month after the original notice was sent, the IRS filed a demand letter for payment of the penalty. Condo challenged the penalty assessment by filing a complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief. ¹

The declaration stated that Dean had reviewed Condo's file and found that the penalty had been assessed, that notice and demand upon Condo had been made, and that he had refused to pay. Dean knew of a trailer parked outside Condo's home that she believed belonged to him. She believed that Condo owned assets at his business premises.

The declaration also stated that the IRS wished to enter Condo's residence in order to insure the safety of agents seizing the trailer. It set forth reasons why the IRS believed there might be violence in response to the seizure. Dean had read the files on YHPA and determined that the YHPA was an alter ego of Condo. There was a sign posted at Condo's business premises that said "Notice to Public Servants.... Survivors Will Be Prosecuted." The IRS had information that YHPA had a rapid communications network to enable its members to contact each other quickly. There was also a newspaper report that referred to a landholding of the protest group as an armed camp. The declaration did not mention Condo's pending suit regarding the constitutionality of the penalty or the denial of the government's motion to revoke Condo's bail.

The district court issued the requested entry order on the basis of this declaration and government agents set out to execute it. At Condo's residence, IRS agents accompanied by two local police officers showed the entry order to Condo. When he refused to allow them entry, they forced their way in. One of the agents asked Condo if he had weapons in the house. He replied that he did, but he did not know where they were. His wife told them there were weapons stored in a safe in the garage.

The agents demanded that Condo open the safe. He refused until he was told that a locksmith would be called if he did not open it. Inside the safe, the agents found numerous boxes of ammunition, at least five guns, and some silver dollars. They also found an unloaded shotgun behind the kitchen door. The agents seized all the weapons.

Condo was indicted for being a felon in possession of firearms. A suppression hearing was held at which Agent Dean testified she believed the entry was necessary to protect the safety of the IRS officers. She admitted there was no evidence of any specific incidents of violence involving YHPA members. The district court described the government's conduct as "unseemly and unflattering" but upheld the warrant and its execution.

Trial was by stipulated facts. Condo was found guilty, and sentenced to one year and one day in prison to run concurrently with his tax evasion sentence. Condo appeals the order denying the motion to suppress.

DISCUSSION

I. PROBABLE CAUSE NECESSARY TO OBTAIN AN IRS ENTRY WARRANT

In G.M. Leasing Corp. v. United States, 429 U.S. 338, 97 S.Ct. 619, 50 L.Ed.2d 530 (1977), the Supreme Court held that the IRS needed a warrant to enter private property to make seizures in satisfaction of The parties dispute whether this showing should be similar to that necessary for a search for evidence of crime or that required for an "administrative search." See Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523, 538, 87 S.Ct. 1727, 1735, 18 L.Ed.2d 930 (1967). The government does not dispute that the IRS must show an assessment, a demand, a refusal to pay and a likelihood of finding property of the taxpayer at the address where the search is to take place. It does dispute how much specificity is required as to the area to be searched, and as to the description of the property that is present and subject to seizure.

                income tax assessments.  The Court began its analysis by finding "probable cause" for the entry from a valid assessment and a showing that the property searched belonged to a business that was the taxpayer's alter ego.  429 U.S. at 351, 97 S.Ct. at 627.  In this way, it implicitly held that a showing of probable cause of some sort is necessary to obtain an IRS entry warrant.  We have explicitly stated that to get such a warrant, the IRS must have probable cause to connect the assets seized to the delinquent taxpayer.    Flores v. United States, 551 F.2d 1169, 1174-75 (9th Cir.1977)
                

Judge Takasugi in In re Gerwig, 461 F.Supp. 449 (C.D.Cal.1978), thoughtfully discusses the policies and tensions inherent in satisfying both the needs of efficient tax collection and the privacy interests of citizens. He notes that the Supreme Court in G.M. Leasing spoke of search warrants, not administrative warrants, and that our court in Flores compared the probable cause required in a criminal case to that required in a tax case. See Flores, 551 F.2d at 1174-75. He rejects the administrative warrant approach adopted by the Tenth Circuit, see Matter of Carlson, 580 F.2d 1365 (10th Cir.1978), contrasting the lower level of privacy expectation of a regulated or licensed business whose activities are subject to inspection with the normal expectations of privacy of a taxpayer against whom the government makes claim for taxes. We agree with Gerwig that the search warrant approach is appropriate. The IRS application must have sufficient specificity to enable the judge to make an independent determination of whether probable cause exists and to prevent the agents from having uncontrolled discretion to rummage everywhere in search of seizable items once lawfully within the premises. Gerwig, 461 F.Supp. at 452-53.

In a practical vein, Gerwig acknowledges that it would be too burdensome to require in all cases a specific list of what the IRS plans to seize but

[o]bviously there is a difference between seizing the taxpayer's liquor licenses, desks, or chairs and seizing his filing cabinet or private desk which may contain private papers (or perhaps searching the papers to see if other seizable items exist). To do the latter would require an additional showing.

Id. at 453. Gerwig properly stresses the need for restraints similar to those imposed on police executing search warrants, but in its approach also recognizes the purposes of the IRS entry warrant: to seize property in satisfaction of unpaid taxes, not to search out evidence.

The Supreme Court noted that

one of the primary evils intended to be eliminated by the Fourth Amendment was the massive intrusion on privacy undertaken in the collection of taxes pursuant to general warrants and writs of assistance.

G.M. Leasing, 429 U.S. at 355, 97 S.Ct. at 630. See generally, Schnapper, Unreasonable Searches and Seizures of Papers, 71 Va.L.Rev. 869 (1985) (suggesting private papers deserve special treatment under the Fourth Amendment).

Condo apparently claims that the declaration in this case was insufficiently specific to provide probable cause for the entry warrant and therefore that the seizure of the weapons was improper. We disagree. The declaration stated that the agents intended to seize a specific piece of property, the trailer, and gave specific reasons to support the conclusion that it belonged to Condo. It adequately set forth reasons to believe the safety of agents might be endangered during the seizure, and thus supported a finding of probable

cause to enter the residence. The agents' inquiry about the presence and location of weapons and their...