U.S. v. Hoag

• Decision Date: 14 August 1987
• Docket Number: No. 86-2347,86-2347
• Citation: 823 F.2d 1123
• Parties: 23 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 918 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Robert A. HOAG, Jr., Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 1123

823 F.2d 1123

23 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 918

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Robert A. HOAG, Jr., Defendant-Appellant.

No. 86-2347.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

Argued Feb. 19, 1987.

Decided July 8, 1987.

As Amended on Denial of Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Aug. 14, 1987.

Dennis P. Coffey, Coffey, Coffey & Geraghty, Milwaukee, Wis., for defendant-appellant.

Jan E. Kearney, Asst. U.S. Atty., and Joseph P. Stadtmueller, U.S. Atty., Milwaukee, Wis., for plaintiff-appellee.

Before COFFEY, RIPPLE and MANION, Circuit Judges.

COFFEY, Circuit Judge.

Robert A. Hoag, Jr. appeals from his conviction on three counts of knowingly making false statements for the purpose of obtaining mortgages insured by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1010. Hoag is a real estate investor whose allegedly false statements involved the amount of earnest money received from each of three buyers in connection with a HUD insured residential loan. After being found guilty by a jury, he was subsequently fined $100 for each violation.

On appeal, Hoag contends first that because "materiality" is an element of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1010, the trial court erred both in denying his pre-trial motion to dismiss for failure to include an allegation of materiality in the superseding indictment and in refusing to instruct the jury that the false statements he made must be as to a material fact. Second, Hoag insists that because "specific intent" is an element of section 1010, the trial court should have granted his motion to dismiss for failing to include "specific intent" in the indictment. Finally, he claims that the trial court committed error in receiving in evidence documentary exhibits without requiring that the Government establish a proper evidentiary foundation. Finding no merit in these assertions, we affirm his conviction.

I.

Hoag, Jr. is a manager and broker for the Robert Hoag Company, a real estate company which sells residential properties requiring rehabilitation. Hoag is the son of the owner of the company, Robert W. Hoag, whom we shall refer to as "Hoag, Sr." Hoag, Sr. was also named as a co-defendant in the superseding indictment. From 1980 to 1984, ninety percent of these homes were financed with mortgages insured by HUD and the Fair Housing Administration (FHA). The FHA is a division of HUD. FHA has a loan guarantee program well known to the public whereby it grants mortgage insurance to a lender-mortgagee who is thereby insured against loss if the mortgagor fails to pay off the loan. The mortgage insurance guarantee referred to here was obtained in a two-step procedure. Initially the mortgagor-buyer was required to apply to the FHA for an appraisal of the property; this step is called the conditional commitment process and relates to the value of the property. The second step was the mortgagee's application for approval of the mortgagor's credit--the firm commitment process. Here, the mortgagee was required to provide the necessary financial information to the lender on a "Form 2900" including a verification of employment, a credit report, and the like. FHA relies on the lender for truth and accuracy as to the information contained in the application. Upon review and subsequent approval, the FHA endorses the insurance.

To be eligible for an insured loan, the borrower must have sufficient assets to be able to make a minimum downpayment of three percent of the acquisition costs of the first $25,000 and five percent of all amounts above $25,000. The FHA also requires that a settlement statement issued at the closing include full disclosure of all earnest money deposited with the broker. The borrower must list all amounts paid by or on behalf of the borrower including any money given or loaned from persons other than the buyer. This money may not come from anyone with an interest in the sale of the property, e.g., the broker. If it is discovered that a borrower knowingly made a false statement concerning the downpayment (the required minimum investment), the application for insurance must be rejected by HUD.

Evidence was introduced at trial establishing that Hoag's employees knew about the FHA minimum downpayment requirement. Salesperson Millie Thompson stated that the company occasionally would assist buyers who had less than the required downpayment by paying the remainder by company check. The company did not require repayment at closing time. The owner, Hoag, Sr., told his salespersons that this practice was legitimate.

The realty company would subsequently send letters regarding the amount of downpayment to the lenders. These letters, however, did not reflect that when necessary because of the buyer's inability to make the downpayment, the required deposit was advanced from the company's general fund. Hoag challenges the admission on hearsay grounds of three letters to the Grootemaat Corporation, a lender, wherein the company had made a partial payment of the required downpayment. These letters comprised the exhibits used to convict Hoag of the three counts of violating section 1010. At trial, each buyer testified as to the falsity of the statements appearing in the settlement statements. Rosie Cooper indicated that the statement contained in her letter--that the company had received $700.00 in earnest money from her--was false since she had only made a $370.00 downpayment. Laverne Kubsack reviewed her challenged letter and testified that its statement that she had paid $1,700.00 in earnest money was false; she had only paid $300.00 before closing. Finally, Rita Rolaff stated that the statement in her letter that the company had received $1,000.00 in earnest money from her and her husband was not true.

II.

A. Materiality under Section 1010

Hoag asserts that both the indictment and jury instructions in this case were defective for failing to include materiality as an element of an offense under section 1010. Materiality, however, appears nowhere in the text of section 1010. See United States v. Hermon, 817 F.2d 1300, 1301 (7th Cir.1987) (construing section 1010). This is in contrast to the required materiality element of section 1001, which this Circuit has consistently emphasized as being a requirement for a conviction when one is found guilty of violating this section. See, e.g., United States v. Kwiat, 817 F.2d 440, 445 (7th Cir.1987); United States v. Brantley, 786 F.2d 1322, 1326 (7th Cir.1986); United States v. Malsom, 779 F.2d 1228, 1235 (7th Cir.1985); United States v. Brack, 747 F.2d 1142, 1147 (7th Cir.1984); United States v. Dick, 744 F.2d 546, 553 (7th Cir.1984). Hoag fails to cite any caselaw establishing that materiality is a requirement for conviction under section 1010. The most analogous case to bolster Hoag's argument is Gevinson v. United States, 358 F.2d 761 (5th Cir.1966), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 823, 87 S.Ct. 51, 17 L.Ed.2d 60 (1967), which while not holding that materiality was an element in a section 1010 case, held that an indictment under the statute would be sufficient if materiality were alleged in substance the particular word "material" need not be included in the indictment.

In analyzing the sufficiency of the indictment, we need to consider what is alleged in the indictment when read in its entirety. United States v. Esposito, 771 F.2d 283 (7th Cir.1985), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 106 S.Ct. 1187, 89 L.Ed.2d 302 (1986). In the context of a section 1001 case, we held that the test for materiality was "whether the false statement has a tendency to influence or is capable of influencing a federal agency." Brack, 747 F.2d at 1147; see also Kwiat, 817 F.2d 440, 445. The indictment in Brack was upheld because it adequately informed the defendant of the charges against him. In this case, the indictment alleged that Hoag as sales manager for the company caused false statements to be made to obtain HUD insured loans. The word "material" was not used in the indictment. Yet, even if materiality was an element of a section 1010 offense and not specifically recited in the indictment, the indictment was sufficient because as in Gevinson, materiality was alleged in substance. Clearly, in order for his clients to obtain a loan, Hoag would have to know that the Government would eventually rely on his statements, even though a false statement may be deemed material without such reliance. Dick, 744 F.2d at 553.

We also reject Hoag's assertion that the jury instructions needed to contain a materiality element. In those false statement statutes that require materiality as an essential element, the "question of materiality is one of law to be decided by a judge." United States v. Brantley, 786 F.2d at 1327. Because materiality is not a requirement for a conviction under section 1010, an instruction on materiality need not be submitted to the jury.

B. Specific Intent under Section 1010

Hoag next in a rather superficial manner contends that because the indictment against him failed to allege that he acted with "specific intent," the indictment should have been dismissed. Arguing that because every essential element of a crime must be alleged in an indictment, United States v. Gironda, 758 F.2d 1201, 1209 (7th Cir.1985), and that specific intent is an element of section 1010, Gevinson v. United States, 358 F.2d at 765,...