U.S. v. Hole

• Decision Date: 07 November 1977
• Docket Number: No. 77-1400,77-1400
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Robby Dean HOLE, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 298

564 F.2d 298

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Robby Dean HOLE, Appellant.

No. 77-1400.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Nov. 7, 1977.

John E. Virga, Sacramento, Cal., for appellant.

Thomas T. Couris, Asst. U. S. Atty., Sacramento, Cal., for appellee.

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California.

Before DUNIWAY and KILKENNY, Circuit Judges, and SKOPIL, ^* District Judge.

SKOPIL, District Judge:

Appellant argues that the district court should have granted his motion to suppress evidence on the ground that the affidavit submitted in support of the request for search warrant contained an unintentional, though material, false statement. We disagree and affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

On June 29, 1976, an agent of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Enforcement, Department of the Treasury ("ATF agent") submitted an affidavit in support of a request for a search warrant to a magistrate of the district court. According to the affidavit, a named licensed firearms dealer told the agent that appellant Hole purchased a certain rifle from the dealer. The affidavit further stated that the ATF agent obtained a criminal record report on Hole from the California Department of Justice. The affidavit accurately summarized the report, which stated that Hole was arrested for possession of marijuana in Oklahoma in 1970 and that he thereupon entered McAlester State Prison to serve a ten-year sentence. The report also stated that Hole was "released" in 1971.

The record, as furnished by the California Department of Justice and summarized by the ATF agent, was incomplete and misleading. Hole's release from prison in 1971, following the 1970 arrest and conviction, was because this conviction was reversed by an Oklahoma appellate court. The record and affidavit did not mention that in 1969 Hole was also convicted in Oklahoma of possession of marijuana. This earlier matter was and is a valid felony conviction (as to which the Oklahoma trial court imposed a two-year suspended sentence).

The magistrate issued warrants to search Hole's house and business. Upon execution of the warrants, agents found and seized three firearms. Hole was indicted in three counts for violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6) (false statement) and one count each of 18 U.S.C. § 922(h) (receipt of firearm by ex-felon) and 18 U.S.C. App. § 1202(a)(1) ¹ (receipt or possession of firearm by ex-felon). All counts were dismissed, except for § 1202(a)(1).

After denial of a motion to suppress the firearm referred to in the § 1202(a) (1) count, trial was to the court on stipulated facts. The stipulation (see C.T. 18) provides in summary:

1. Hole was convicted of a felony in 1969.

2. Hole received a described firearm from a named gun dealer in Sacramento on or about June 14, 1976.

3. Hole knowingly received the firearm.

4. The firearm was operable.

5. Prior to receipt by Hole, the firearm had traveled in interstate commerce.

The trial was held November 30, 1976. The only inquiry by the trial court concerned the voluntariness of Hole's waiver of jury trial and consent to submission of stipulated facts. No testimony was taken, and no evidence was offered. R.T. 6-11. The trial court found Hole guilty of 18 U.S.C. App. § 1202(a)(1). A presentence report was ordered. R.T. 11. A sentence of two years, with all but thirty days suspended, and three years probation was imposed. C.T. 21.

Appellant concedes that the misstatements by the ATF agent in the affidavit were not intentional. R.T. 4. Nevertheless, he argues that the firearm seized in the search should have been suppressed ² because the affidavit contained false information: it recited the 1970 conviction (which had been reversed on appeal) rather than mentioning the still valid 1969 conviction. Thus the magistrate's implied finding of probable cause to believe that appellant was a felon was based on false information. In summary, then, appellant contends that material, though unintentional, misstatements in an agent's affidavit should vitiate a resulting search warrant.

Discussion

Appellant correctly notes that this circuit has not yet expressly ruled on the effect of a material but unintentional misstatement in an agent's affidavit submitted in support of a request for a search warrant. In United States v. Prewitt, 534 F.2d 200 (9th Cir. 1976), the court held that all the factual misstatements in the affidavit were both immaterial and unintentional. 534 F.2d at 202. The court stated:

"We leave to another day the questions whether misrepresentation by a government agent, material and intentional, or material but unintentional, or immaterial but intentional, will vitiate an affidavit for a warrant." Id. (emphasis added)

The Prewitt decision does, however, cite United States v. Damitz, 495 F.2d 50 (9th Cir. 1974), which involved a warrant issued upon an affidavit executed by a non-governmental affiant. This affidavit contained materially false statements, but the falsity was not known to the agents who submitted the affidavit to the court. The court held that good faith reliance by the government would support the affidavit if sufficient on its face. 495 F.2d at 55. As stated by the court:

"A rule excluding evidence because of a Fourth Amendment violation should be motivated by a basic purpose of the Amendment and the exclusionary rule, namely the deterrence of lawless police action." Id., at 55-56.

We hold that the policy in Damitz is applicable here. In both Damitz and the present case, government agents relied in good faith on false information provided by others. In Damitz the agents submitted the informant's false affidavit directly to the court. In this case the ATF agent accurately summarized the contents of the criminal record report of the California Department of Justice in his own affidavit. If anything, Damitz presents arguably a stronger case for suppression, for in Damitz the informant (affiant) intentionally lied. In the present case the informant (Department of Justice) misstated appellant's criminal record as a result of clerical or other innocent ³ error.

The Supreme Court has made clear that the purpose of the exclusionary rule is to deter lawless police action. See, e. g., Linkletter v. Walker,381 U.S. 618, 636-637, 85 S.Ct. 1731, 14 L.Ed.2d 601 (1965). Accordingly, there is no sound reason to vitiate an agent's affidavit submitted in support of a request for search warrant even if the affidavit contains information which is both material and false as long as the misstatement was made in good faith and neither intentionally nor recklessly. In so holding, we align ourselves with the majority of the circuits which have considered the issue. See United States v. Rosenbarger, 536 F.2d 715, 720 (6th Cir. 1976); United States v. Marihart, 492 F.2d 897, 899-900 (8th Cir. 1974), cert. denied,419 U.S. 827, 95 S.Ct. 46, 42 L.Ed.2d 51 (1974); United States v. Carmichael, 489 F.2d 983 (7th Cir. 1973) (en banc ). See also Minnesota v. Causey, 257 N.W.2d 288 (Minn., 1977). But see United States v. Thomas,489 F.2d 664 (5th Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 844, 96 S.Ct. 79, 46 L.Ed.2d 64 (1975). ⁴

The trial judge in the present case made a statement which can be understood as a finding that the ATF agent acted innocently and not even negligently. In explaining his decision to deny the motion to suppress, the trial judge said:

"In this case the person was careful. . . . He was furnished with the information from a reliable source, namely, the Department of Justice, State of California. . . . (T)he man, I felt, was entitled to rely on the information furnished to him. He did, and, therefore, in my opinion affidavit (sic ) is valid. . . ." R.T. 4-5 (emphasis added).

Such a finding is supported by the undisputed facts in this case. Under the exigencies of the criminal investigation process, it is surely reasonable for an agent to rely on official records for the limited purpose of determining whether there is probable cause to...