U.S. v. Howard, 84-5155
| Decision Date | 28 February 1985 |
| Docket Number | No. 84-5155,84-5155 |
| Citation | 758 F.2d 1318 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Danny HOWARD, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit |
Thomas Buck, Asst. U.S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiff-appellee.
Randy Sue Pollock, Los Angeles, Cal., for defendant-appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
Before BROWNING and ALARCON, Circuit Judges, and SOLOMON, * District Judge.
Appellant Danny Howard appeals his convictions for attempting to pass altered money orders. He contends that the postal inspector lacked probable cause to arrest him, and therefore the fruits of the car search must be suppressed. We affirm.
On March 2, 1984, Postal Inspector Fulsom responded to a tip that a customer at the post office, later identified as Patricia Dyson, was attempting to cash an altered money order. When Fulsom arrived at the post office, he saw Howard move his car from one parking space to another space closer to the post office entrance. Fulsom then saw another man, Willie Lee Habbary, approach Howard from the direction of the post office, speak to Howard and motion toward the post office with his head. Howard remained in the car with the engine running when Habbary entered the post office. Fulsom followed Habbary and watched him as he looked around the post office for a minute or two before moving to the customer line. Fulsom left the customer line and entered the manager's office. Habbary looked at the closed office door for a couple of minutes. He then approached Dyson at the customer window and whispered to her.
On these facts and his knowledge that a person who attempts to cash an altered money order often sends a woman into the post office while others wait outside, Fulsom decided to arrest Howard. As Fulsom approached Howard's car, Howard shifted gears to leave. Fulsom arrested Howard, ordered him out of the car, and handcuffed him. A policeman searched the car and on the front seat found a case containing paraphenalia used to alter money orders.
Was there probable cause to arrest Howard? If the arrest was legal, so was the search of the car and case. New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 460, 101 S.Ct. 2860, 2864, 69 L.Ed.2d 768 (1981).
The district court's finding of probable cause is reviewable de novo. United States v. McConney, 728 F.2d 1195, 1203 (9th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 101, 83 L.Ed.2d 46 (1984). 1
In United States v. Hillison, 733 F.2d 692, 697 (9th Cir.1984), we set forth the test for probable cause:
Arresting officers have probable cause to make warrantless arrests if, at the moment of arrest, facts and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they have reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the arrested person had committed or was committing an offense.
* * *
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In order to find probable cause based on association with persons engaging in criminal activity, some additional circumstances from which it is reasonable to infer participation in criminal enterprise must be shown. One important consideration in assessing the significance of the association is whether the known criminal activity was contemporaneous with the association.
(Citations omitted, emphasis added)
The experience of a trained observer like Fulsom (who had twelve years experience) must be considered. Fulsom saw Habbary's suspicious conduct at Howard's car and in the post office. Based on that conduct and on his knowledge of how altered money order cashing operations occur, Fulsom reasonably associated the three individuals with each other. In addition, there was particularized evidence that linked Howard to the...
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