U.S. v. Huddleston, 90-2428
| Decision Date | 11 April 1991 |
| Docket Number | No. 90-2428,90-2428 |
| Citation | 929 F.2d 1030 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Michael Ray HUDDLESTON, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit |
John H. Garcia, Houston, Tex. (court-appointed), for defendant-appellant.
Kathlyn G. Snyder, Paula C. Offenhauser, Asst. U.S. Attys., Ronald G. Woods, U.S. Atty., Houston, Tex., for plaintiff-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.
Before RUBIN, POLITZ, and DUHE, Circuit Judges.
Appellant Huddleston contends that the district court erred in its calculation of his sentence under the sentencing guidelines, and that the government breached his plea agreement. We affirm.
Huddleston was indicted on six counts for his participation in the sale of stolen explosives. Huddleston and an accomplice, Jerry Stenger, offered to sell a large quantity of stolen explosives to two undercover Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms agents. To complete the sale, Huddleston and Stenger loaded twenty-eight cases of Huddleston pleaded guilty to conspiracy to deal in explosive materials 1 without a license and to receive and ship such materials knowing they were stolen in violation of 18 U.S.C. Secs. 371, 842(a)(1), and 842(h) (Count I), and unlawful transportation and sale of stolen explosive materials in violation of 18 U.S.C. Secs. 842(h), 844(a), and 2 (Count IV). The remaining counts were dismissed.
explosives into a U-Haul trailer and transported them from Belton, Texas to Houston.
The district court, departing upward from the sentencing guidelines, sentenced Huddleston to sixty months' imprisonment followed by three years' supervised release on each count to run concurrently. This appeal followed.
Huddleston contends that the district court erred in determining that an upward departure of his sentence from the guideline range was appropriate. This Court has held that sentences that fall within the statutory limits, 2 even though constituting an upward departure from the guidelines, will not be disturbed absent a "gross abuse of discretion." United States v. Juarez-Ortega, 866 F.2d 747, 748 (5th Cir.1989). When departing from the guidelines, however, the district court must articulate reasons justifying the upward departure. United States v. Murillo, 902 F.2d 1169, 1172 (5th Cir.1990). If the reasons are "acceptable" and "reasonable," this Court will affirm. United States v. Perez, 915 F.2d 947, 948 (5th Cir.1990); United States v. Mejia-Orosco, 867 F.2d 216, 221 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 924, 109 S.Ct. 3257, 106 L.Ed.2d 602 (1989); United States v. Velasquez-Mercado, 872 F.2d 632, 637 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 187, 107 L.Ed.2d 142 (1989). Precedent in this circuit does not, however, require that the district court give reasons for the extent of its departure. United States v. Roberson, 872 F.2d 597, 601 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 175, 107 L.Ed.2d 131 (1989); United States v. Geiger, 891 F.2d 512, 514 (5th Cir.1989); United States v. Rogers, 917 F.2d 165, 169 (5th Cir.1990).
The district court determined Huddleston's guideline sentencing range to be from twenty-seven to thirty-three months. 3 However, in departing upward from the guidelines, the district court specifically found:
[A]n upward departure in this case is warranted based on the fact that the offense level in this case does not adequately reflect the risk this offense represented in the community.
These explosives were being transported by the defendant in an unsafe manner through a populated area. A car wreck would have resulted in the detonation of these explosives, would have resulted in extensive property damage, and casualties.
The relevant section in this case 2K1.3, I believe, fails to take such a risk into consideration in determining the offense level. However, this does not preclude the court from taking reckless endangerment into consideration when determining an appropriate sentence. 4
Huddleston argues that the Sentencing Commission did consider the reckless endangerment possibilities of his action. Huddleston relies upon the background portion of application note 1 to section 2K1.3, which provides, "This section applies to conduct ranging from violations of a regulatory nature pertaining to licensees or persons otherwise lawfully involved in explosives commerce to more serious violations that involve substantial danger to public safety." While we concede that the commentary to section 2K1.3 suggests that the occasion of public risk was considered by the Sentencing Commission, we believe that the degree of that risk was not.
The phrase "substantial danger to public safety" without more does not advance the impression that the Commission adequately considered the spectrum of risk to life and property that could result from a violation governed by section 2K1.3. Our reading of section 2K1.3 suggests that the Commission did not contemplate the unique danger of improperly hauling explosives through residential areas. 5 We conclude that Huddleston's manner and route chosen for the transportation of explosives posed a risk to public safety that is "an aggravating ... circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines." 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3553(b).
Huddleston contends that the government violated his plea bargain by making inflammatory assertions to the district court through the presentence investigation report. The report stated:
The transportation of the explosive materials as carried by the defendants was extremely unsafe and represented a risk to the communities through which they traveled. An automobile accident could have caused a detonation of this material which, depending on the location, could have caused significant property damage and human casualty.
Huddleston argues that such a comment violates the government's agreement to recommend that he be sentenced at the low end of the sentencing guideline range. Huddleston relies on an Eleventh Circuit decision for the proposition that in determining whether the terms of the plea agreement have been violated, we must determine whether the government's conduct is consistent with what is reasonably understood by the defendant when entering a plea of guilty. See United States v. Nelson, 837 F.2d 1519, 1521-22 (11th Cir.1988).
Applying that test it is not reasonable for Huddleston to believe that the government would withhold pertinent sentencing information from the judge. The plea bargain required only that the government recommend that appellant be sentenced at the low end of the sentencing guideline range. The government fulfilled that obligation. 6 Accordingly, we uphold the judgment of the district court.
AFFIRMED.
I agree that the Sentencing Commission did not "adequately" consider the degree of risk to public safety in Sec. 2K1.3. If the...
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U.S. v. Carter
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...658, 663-64 (5th Cir.1993), did not require district courts to give reasons for the extent of its departure. See United States v. Huddleston, 929 F.2d 1030, 1031 (5th Cir.1991). Other circuits require district courts to give reasons for the extent of the departure. United States v. Perkins,......