U.S. v. McCall

• Decision Date: 06 June 1996
• Docket Number: No. 95-3047,95-3047
• Citation: 85 F.3d 1193
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Estell McCALL, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Page 1193

85 F.3d 1193

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Estell McCALL, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 95-3047.

United States Court of Appeals Sixth Circuit.

Submitted Jan. 29, 1996.

Decided June 6, 1996.

Thomas M. Bauer, Asst. U.S. Atty., briefed, Office of the U.S. Atty., Akron, OH, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Carolyn Kaye Ranke, briefed, Cleveland Heights, OH, for Defendant-Appellant.

Before: NELSON, NORRIS, and MOORE, Circuit Judges.

MOORE, Circuit Judge.

Defendant Estell McCall appeals his conviction and sentence for armed bank robbery, a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113. His primary argument is that the district court erred in failing to instruct the jury regarding his alibi defense, even though he did not request such an instruction at trial. In addition, McCall raises sundry challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence at trial, the order of proof, and the enhancement of his sentence for brandishing or displaying a firearm. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the district court's judgment in its entirety.

I. BACKGROUND

In September 1992, an unmasked man wearing a dark baseball cap robbed the Tallmadge, Ohio branch of the Union Federal Savings Bank. The man displayed what appeared to be a revolver to the two tellers on duty and ordered them to fill his gym bag with money. As they complied, the tellers activated a security camera, which took pictures of the robbery in progress. In addition, the tellers placed some "bait money" in the gym bag, consisting of fifty-dollar bills with pre-recorded serial numbers. After the bag was filled, one of the tellers observed the robber leave the bank, enter the parking lot, and duck behind a row of parked cars. Moments later, both tellers and the branch manager saw a "brown or maroon" sedan with large, square taillights pull out of the same parking area and exit the lot.

After initial inquiries, local and federal authorities began to focus their investigation on McCall, who had been living in a nearby halfway house and who had signed out of the house on the day of the robbery. Further investigation revealed that McCall's mother, Phyllis Brown, also lived nearby and that her car matched the description of the car leaving the bank. Brown consented to a search of her car, which yielded a dark baseball cap. In addition, Brown told the FBI that she had allowed her son to use the car on the morning of the robbery. From McCall's fiancee, Silenthia Brown, the FBI recovered several fifty-dollar bills given to her by McCall that turned out to be some of the bait money. The federal authorities arrested McCall, who was then indicted for armed bank robbery, a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d), and using or carrying a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence, a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). No gun was ultimately recovered, however.

At trial, one of the tellers, Beverly Hutchens, directly identified McCall as the robber. She also testified that Brown's car, shown in photographs, appeared to be the car she had seen leaving the parking lot. Finally, she and the other teller, Georgina Ansell, identified the baseball cap found in Brown's car as the one worn by the robber. The government then called Daryl Rocklin, a worker at McCall's halfway house, and Michael Phillips, an FBI agent, to testify regarding the recovered bait money. According to Rocklin, McCall had left an envelope containing $900 in cash for Silenthia Brown. According to Phillips, it was later determined that this cash included numerous bills that had been pre-recorded as bait money. As the government pointed out at trial, McCall did not earn any money from his sales job with Encyclopedia Britannica, and so the $900 he left for his fiancee could only serve to compound any suspicion that he might be the bank robber.

McCall's sole defense was an alibi. Although the robbery had taken place at about 11:40 a.m., Phyllis Brown testified that her son had been home with her between 11:30 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. that day. The government attempted to impeach this testimony by recalling Agent Phillips, who testified that Brown had previously told him that her son had used the car between 11:20 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. The defense objected at trial to this rebuttal testimony, but it did not recall Brown as a surrebuttal witness.

The jury found McCall guilty of bank robbery and not guilty of the separate § 924(c) firearm charge. The district court then sentenced him to 150 months in prison. In calculating McCall's offense level under the sentencing guidelines, the court included a five-level enhancement for brandishing, displaying, or possessing a firearm during commission of the offense, under U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(C). McCall objected, but the district court explicitly credited the tellers' testimony that McCall had held what appeared to be a real gun.

II. THE ALIBI JURY INSTRUCTION

McCall's alibi was his exclusive defense, yet he never requested an alibi jury instruction at trial. On appeal, McCall now argues that the district court's failure to provide such an instruction, sua sponte, merits a reversal. In general, a defendant may assign error to the omission of a criminal jury instruction only when the defendant has requested the instruction and objected to its omission before submission of the case to the jury. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 30. If the defendant has failed to request a particular instruction or object to its omission, this court reviews the omission only for plain error. See United States v. Sanchez, 928 F.2d 1450, 1456 (6th Cir.1991); United States v. Hamilton, 684 F.2d 380, 385 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 976, 103 S.Ct. 312, 74 L.Ed.2d 291 (1982).

We recognize that this court has previously held that the failure to give an alibi instruction may be plain error when appropriate alibi evidence has been presented. See Hamilton, 684 F.2d at 385. We note, however, that in Hamilton, the defendant made a clear request for an alibi instruction, and the district court simply failed to include it, without explanation. Although the Hamilton panel observed that the defendant should have specifically objected to the omission, it concluded that the district court's failure to include the instruction was nonetheless plain error, given the defendant's explicit request. In the instant case, by contrast, McCall never once alerted the district court to the need for an alibi instruction. In other words, not only was the district court deprived of an adequate opportunity to correct any potential mistake by McCall's failure to object, but also the district court was deprived of the knowledge that defendant even desired an alibi instruction by McCall's failure to request one. Given that the primary function of the alibi instruction is to remind the jury as to the government's burden of demonstrating all elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, including defendant's presence at the crime scene, see District Judges Association of the Sixth Circuit, Pattern Criminal Jury Instructions, 6.02 (1991), ¹ given that the district court here did charge the jury that "[t]he government must prove every element of the crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt," Tr. at 225, and given that McCall argued in his closing that the government had failed to prove his presence at the bank beyond a reasonable doubt, Tr. at 207, we conclude that the omission in the instant case did not rise to the level of plain error.

We note that the federal circuits are not in agreement as to whether the failure to give a requested alibi instruction is reversible error. Compare Hamilton and United States v. Zuniga, 6 F.3d 569, 571-72 (9th Cir.1993) with United States v. Laury, 49 F.3d 145, 152 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 116 S.Ct. 162, 133 L.Ed.2d 105 (1995), and United States v. Agofsky, 20 F.3d 866, 872 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, ----, 115 S.Ct. 280, 363, 130 L.Ed.2d 196, 316 (1994). However, all courts are in agreement that the failure to give an unrequested alibi instruction should not be deemed plain error. See Goldsby v. United States, 160 U.S. 70, 77, 16 S.Ct. 216, 219, 40 L.Ed. 343 (1895); United States v. Atkins, 487 F.2d 257, 259 (8th Cir.1973); United States v. Bynum, 485 F.2d 490, 503 (2d Cir.1973), vacated on other grounds, 417 U.S. 903, 94 S.Ct. 2598, 41 L.Ed.2d 209 (1974); United States v. Harris, 458 F.2d 670, 678 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 888, 93 S.Ct. 195, 34 L.Ed.2d 145 (1972). We follow these decisions and hold that omission of the instruction is not plain error, as long as the jury is otherwise correctly instructed concerning the government's burden of proving every element of the crimes charged, and the defendant is given a full opportunity to present his alibi defense in closing argument.

III. THE ORDER OF WITNESSES

McCall next asserts that the district court abused its discretion by permitting the government to recall Agent Phillips in an attempt to impeach Phyllis Brown's alibi testimony. McCall cites Federal Rule of Evidence 613(b), which provides in pertinent part: "Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is not admissible unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate the witness thereon, or the interests of justice otherwise require." According to McCall, the government's failure to present the evidence when Phillips first testified during the case in chief or to confront Brown on cross-examination denied Brown the "opportunity to explain or deny the same."

We addressed a similar claim in United States v. McGuire, 744 F.2d 1197, 1204 (6th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1004, 105 S.Ct. 1866, 85 L.Ed.2d 159 (1985), where we noted that "the prosecution should have confronted the [non-party] witness" with the alleged prior inconsistent statement on cross-examination, but we ultimately held that the district court's procedure was not reversible error...