U.S. v. McPherson

• Decision Date: 25 February 1988
• Docket Number: No. 87-2126,87-2126
• Citation: 840 F.2d 244
• Parties: -677, 56 USLW 2492, 88-1 USTC P 9194 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. William V. McPHERSON, Jr., Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

Page 244

840 F.2d 244

61 A.F.T.R.2d 88-677, 56 USLW 2492, 88-1

USTC P 9194

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. William V. McPHERSON, Jr., Defendant-Appellee.

No. 87-2126.

United States Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit.

Argued Jan. 5, 1988.

Decided Feb. 25, 1988.

Elaine F. Ferris, Tax Div., Dept. of Justice (Michael C. Durney, Asst. Atty. Gen., Michael L. Paup, Gilbert S. Rothenberg, Tax Div., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., on brief), for plaintiff-appellant.

William V. McPherson, Jr. (McPherson & Maggiolo, Durham, N.C., on brief), for defendant-appellee.

Before RUSSELL, Circuit Judge, BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge, and SPENCER, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge:

The United States appeals the district court's award of attorney's fees under 26 U.S.C. Sec. 7430 to an attorney who appeared pro se in a tax case in which the government's position was determined to be unreasonable. The district court found that William V. McPherson, Jr., an attorney, reasonably spent 97.8 hours representing himself and that a rate of $90 an hour was appropriate. Based on these figures, it awarded a fee of $8,202, reasoning that McPherson "paid" for his own services by foregoing other opportunities to earn income. ¹ We reverse because section 7430 restricts the allowance of attorney's fees to those actually "paid or incurred."

The facts of the case are not in dispute and need not be reviewed in detail. The government in 1984 brought a collection action against McPherson in which he substantially prevailed. The government concedes, for the purposes of this appeal, that its position in that litigation was unreasonable. The sole issue is whether, in this situation, an attorney who appeared pro se is entitled to collect reasonable fees for the time spent in his own defense.

I

At times pertinent to this case, section 7430 authorized awards of reasonable litigation costs to taxpayers who substantially prevailed in civil tax litigation in which the government's position was unreasonable. Reasonable litigation costs are defined by section 7430(c)(1)(A)(ii)(III) to include "reasonable fees paid or incurred for the services of attorneys in connection with the civil proceeding...." ² Therefore, McPherson's services to himself can only be compensable if they can fairly be described as "fees paid or incurred for the services of attorneys."

Prior to the district court's decision in this case, the only authority interpreting section 7430 in the case of an attorney acting pro se was that of the Tax Court, which held in Frisch v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 838 (1986), that such self-help was not compensable. See also Minahan v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 516 (1987) (applying Frisch ). The Tax Court concluded that neither the text nor the legislative history of the statute justified compensation for "lost opportunity costs." 87 T.C. at 845-46. The court noted that the fee shifting provision of the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2412, which has been construed by some courts to allow awards to pro se attorneys, speaks merely of "reasonable fees and expenses of attorneys," without the limiting requirement that those fees be "paid or incurred." ³ The court reasoned that section 7430, by contrast, was drafted specifically to compensate only actual out-of-pocket expenses or debts which would have to be paid. 87 T.C. at 843-46. ⁴

We believe the Tax Court's interpretation of the phrase "paid or incurred" is the correct one. McPherson did not pay any fees for legal services nor incur any debts which remain outstanding. While the government might have chosen to compensate him and other litigants for the time its unreasonable lawsuit costs them, this statute does not do so. It is not improbable, for instance, that an accountant with tax expertise could adequately and successfully represent himself in a tax dispute with the IRS. Just like the lawyer, the accountant acting pro se faces real opportunity costs in devoting his time to his own defense rather than profitably working for others. Indeed, even a taxpayer in an unreasonable suit who does retain counsel may often be required to devote substantial time to the case, organizing records, attending depositions, and conferring with an attorney. All these are costs imposed on a citizen by the government's misguided action. Yet this statute cannot possibly be stretched to pay the accountant acting pro se or the represented layman for his lost time. In agreement with the Tax Court, we adhere to the plain text of the statute, which requires proof that the taxpayer "paid or incurred fees for the services of an attorney."

II

McPherson also requested fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2412. In light of its award under Sec. 7430 of the Internal Revenue Code, the district court considered McPherson's EAJA request moot, observing in dicta that it also lacked merit. 660 F.Supp. at 300-01.

It is apparent that McPherson cannot recover fees under the EAJA. As the district court noted, the EAJA expressly...