U.S. v. Rangel, 75-1726

• Decision Date: 29 March 1976
• Docket Number: No. 75-1726,75-1726
• Citation: 534 F.2d 147
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Meril Martinez RANGEL, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 147

534 F.2d 147

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Meril Martinez RANGEL, Appellant.

No. 75-1726.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

March 29, 1976.

Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied May 17, 1976.

Matthew N. Lees (argued), San Diego, Cal., for appellant.

David P. Curnow, Asst. U. S. Atty. (argued), San Diego, Cal., for appellee.

OPINION

Before DUNIWAY and ELY, Circuit Judges, and WONG, ^* District Judge.

WONG, District Judge:

Appellant, Meril Martinez Rangel, was convicted on both counts of an indictment, the first charging him with conspiracy with other persons to possess heroin with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 846; the second charging him with possession of heroin with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).

He appeals the conviction on three grounds: (1) that an informant who testified against appellant should have been required to divulge his true name, home address, and phone number on the witness stand; (2) that hearsay statements testified to by the informant were inadmissible; and (3) that the defense of entrapment should have been granted as a matter of law. Finding each of the appellant's contentions without merit, we affirm.

Appellant first claims that the informant who testified against him should have been required to divulge his true name, home address, and phone number on the witness stand. Smith v. Illinois, 390 U.S. 129, 88 S.Ct. 748, 19 L.Ed.2d 956 (1968). Smith v. Illinois, however, "does not establish a rigid rule of disclosure, but rather discusses disclosure against a background of factors weighing conversely, such as personal safety of the witness." United States v. Cosby, 500 F.2d 405, 407 (9th Cir. 1974); United States v. Ellis, 468 F.2d 638 (9th Cir. 1972). In the instant case, as in Cosby, the government made an adequate representation that the informant's life had been threatened, causing him to relocate his family. Moreover, evidence adduced in the lower court's in camera hearing on this issue further satisfied the trial judge that the government's representations were not groundless. This Court has reviewed the transcript of the in camera proceeding and is not persuaded the trial court's ruling was erroneous.

Appellant next argues that the court improperly admitted hearsay to show disposition to commit the offense, in response to an entrapment defense. This Court has only recently held that it is error to admit such hearsay testimony to which objection was made. United States v. McClain, 531 F.2d 431 (9th Cir. 1976). It criticized certain Fifth Circuit cases which held that, "when a defendant sets up the defense of entrapment, the government can put a witness on the stand and have him testify that unknown informants, of unknown reliability, have told the witness, or have made reports to others that the witness has seen or been told about, that the defendant was dealing in narcotics . . . ." Id. at 435.

The case under consideration differs from the McClain case, as well as from the cases criticized in the McClain opinion. Here the source of the hearsay was disclosed; it was appellant's brother, Ernesto, who told the testifying informant that appellant dealt in narcotics. ¹ The brother, Ernesto, was called as a witness by the defense. He testified that he knew that the informant was dealing in narcotics and that he nevertheless told the informant to get in touch with his brother, the appellant. As is shown in the portion of the transcript quoted in the margin, the matter was opened up by the defense counsel. Under these circumstances, we doubt that appellant is in a position to complain. We need not decide, however, whether the admission of the evidence was error under our decision in McClain.

Assuming arguendo that it was error to admit the informant's hearsay testimony, such error was harmless, Fed.R.Crim.P. Rule 52(a). There was overwhelming evidence that Rangel was not induced by any government agent to commit the offense. Nor was there any evidence that Rangel was coerced by any government agent. We conclude that the admission of the hearsay was harmless.

Finally, appellant insists that the defense of entrapment should have been granted as a matter of law. Entrapment as a matter of law exists only when there is undisputed testimony making it patently clear that an otherwise innocent person was induced to commit the act complained of by the trickery, persuasion or fraud of a government agent. United States v. Gibson,446 F.2d 719 (10th Cir. 1971). In the case sub judice the facts were disputed and were therefore properly before the jury.

AFFIRMED.

* Honorable Dick Yin Wong, United States District Judge, District of Hawaii, sitting by designation.

1 Such testimony developed from a response to a question asked of the informant in cross-examination by defense counsel:

"Q. That was your whole purpose in calling him (appellant) in the first place?

A. My purpose in calling him in the first place was the fact that I was told that he was dealing in narcotics, sir."

In redirect examination, the following transpired:

"Q. Okay. Now, you mentioned on cross examination that initially you had been told that Mr. Rangel was dealing in...