U.S. v. Reyes, 99-41027

• Decision Date: 11 September 2000
• Docket Number: No. 99-41027,99-41027
• Citation: 227 F.3d 263
• Parties: (5th Cir. 2000) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee v. VERONICA REYES, FRANCISCO REYES Defendants-Appellants
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 263

227 F.3d 263 (5th Cir. 2000)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee v. VERONICA REYES, FRANCISCO REYES Defendants-Appellants.

No. 99-41027

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FIFTH CIRCUIT

September 11, 2000

Appeal from the United States District Court For the Southern District of Texas

Before DUHE, EMILIO M. GARZA, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.

OPINION

EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge:

Francisco and Veronica Reyes were convicted following a jury trial on one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(D), and one count of possession with intent to distribute marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(D) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. The Reyeses now appeal their convictions principally on the basis that the district court improperly questioned witnesses in a fashion that so favored the prosecution as to deprive the Reyeses of a fair trial. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the convictions.

Francisco and Veronica Reyes (brother and sister) were convicted following a series of events that began at a United States Border Patrol Checkpoint south of Hebbronville, Texas. The Reyeses' car, a Mercury, was sent to a secondary inspection area after an agent's dog alerted to the presence of narcotics. Border Patrol Agent Garza ascertained the identity of the Reyeses and inquired as to their destination (north to San Antonio) and, when a search of the car produced no narcotics, allowed the Reyeses to proceed north.

Nearly simultaneously, a local rancher informed Border Patrol that a suspicious-looking pickup truck had been traveling through the Green Hill Cemetery areaan area of local repute for evading the checkpoints. Checks on the information provided by the rancher showed that the truck belonged to Francisco Reyes. Other agents from the Border Patrol departed to seek out the truck, relaying this information via radio communication to all local agents. Agent Garza, now traveling in his vehicle away from the checkpoint into Hebbronville, heard this communication, and again nearly simultaneously, noticed the Mercury on the road. Recalling the name Francisco Reyes from the just-completed inspection of the car, Agent Garza became suspicious and attempted to follow the Reyeses, but lost them in traffic. When a second radio communication announced that agents had found the pickup truck and seized 67 pounds of marijuana, Agent Garza requested assistance in locating the Mercury. Agent Garza himself then spotted the car, which was now traveling slowly west down the highway. He waited to see whether the car would reach a later checkpoint down that highway; it did not. Another agent eventually located the car traveling south away from San Antonio.

The Mercury ultimately proved to be registered to the driver of the pickup truckand the common law husband of Veronica ReyesRolando Rodriguez. A search of the Mercury produced a receipt for two-way family radios purchased three days before the incident and a cellular phone registered in the name of Veronica Reyes. A further search of the truck produced an instruction book for the radios, a cellular phone registered in the name of Roxanne Reyes (Veronica's sister), and one of the two-way radios. The apparent companion two-way radio was found on the side of the road near where the Mercury was stopped. Although the timing of the calls was disputed at trial, testimony and phone company records indicated that several calls were made from the phone in the Mercury to the phone in the truck in the two hours before the arrests.

Rolando Rodriguez pleaded guilty to possession of marijuana. Francisco and Veronica Reyes were convicted in a jury trial.

Because the Reyeses' trial counsel did not object contemporaneously to the district court's questions to the witnesses, we now review the district court's interrogations for plain error. See United States v. Saenz, 134 F.3d 697, 701 (5th Cir. 1998). "Plain error occurs when the error is so obvious and substantial that failure to notice and correct it would affect the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings and would result in manifest injustice." United States v. Mizell, 88 F.3d 288, 297 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1046, 117 S.Ct. 620, 136 L.Ed.2d 543 (1996) .

It is within the prerogative of a federal judge to manage the pace of a trial, to comment on the evidence, and even to "question witnesses and elicit facts not yet adduced or clarify those previously presented." United States v. Williams, 809 F.2d 1072, 1087 (5th Cir. 1987) (quoting Moore v. United States, 598 F.2d 439, 442 (5th Cir. 1979)); see also Fed.R.Evid. 614(b) ("The court may interrogate witnesses, whether called by itself or by a party."). The primary limitation on this judicial investigatory power is that it must be undertaken for the purpose of benefitting the jury in its understanding of the evidence, and the court may not appear to be partial. See Saenz, 134 F.3d at 702. A determination on the appearance of partiality is made by reviewing the record in its entirety. See United States v. Cantu, 167 F.3d 198, 202 (5th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Lopez Cantu v. United States, 120 S.Ct. 58, 145 L.Ed.2d 50 (1999). Specifically, "[t]o rise to the level of a constitutional error, the district judge's actions, viewed as a whole, must amount to an intervention that could have led the jury to a predisposition of guilt by improperly confusing the functions of judge and prosecutor." United States v. Bermea, 30 F.3d 1539, 1569 (5th Cir. 1994).

To facilitate this determination, we have in the past looked to certain factors to assess the propriety of the judicial interrogation. In a "complex or lengthy case with multiple witnesses," or where there is a "need to expedite testimony on certain issues or by certain witnesses," judicial intervention is most appropriate. Saenz, 134 F.3d at 703-04. On the other end of the spectrum, as in United States v. Saenz, judicial interrogation is least appropriate where the questioning centers on the credibility of crucial witnesses and there is little other evidence to support conviction. See Saenz, 134 F.3d at 713; see also Cantu, 167 F.3d at 203 (emphasizing the uniqueness of the Saenz case).

The instant case contains none of these factors. The Reyeses were convicted following a one day trial, in which seven witnesses for the government testified, and there were no defense witnesses. The issues presented in the trial were neither complex, nor did they implicate decisions on credibility. Instead, the case against the Reyeses consisted entirely of circumstantial evidence. The Government put forth a theory that the numerous pieces of evidence illustrated that the Mercury was acting as a "scout" vehicle for the "load" truck containing the marijuana.¹ The defense, on the other hand, argued that the cars were linked because of the close family ties between the occupants, but that the marijuana belonged to Rodriguez alone, and the Reyeses were on a trip north to deliver a birthday present to Francisco's daughter, doubling back south only because they forgot the gift.

During the trial, the court interjected itself into the questioning of six of the seven witnesses. Often the questioning was lengthy and involved the details of several key pieces of evidence: the walkie-talkies, the cellular phone calls, the alert by Agent Garza's dog, the testing of marijuana samples, and the radio communication of the rancher's identification of the pickup truck. A substantial portion of the interrogation can only be described as proper clarificationincluding how the identity of a caller on a cellular phone is established, and the directions each car was driving at any given moment. Other instances of questioning were collateral to the issues presented in the caseincluding the...