U.S. v. Sheek

• Decision Date: 30 March 1993
• Docket Number: No. 92-5278,92-5278
• Citation: 990 F.2d 150
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Grace Ann SHEEK, Defendant-Appellee, and John Gordon Wallace, Sherri Lynn Wallace, Stephen Thomas Porto, Defendants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

Page 150

990 F.2d 150

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Grace Ann SHEEK, Defendant-Appellee, and John Gordon Wallace, Sherri Lynn Wallace, Stephen Thomas

Porto, Defendants.

No. 92-5278.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Argued Dec. 3, 1992.

Decided March 30, 1993.

William Earl Day, II, Asst. U.S. Atty., Florence, SC, argued (John S. Simmons, U.S. Atty., on brief), for plaintiff-appellant.

Karen Newell Fryar, Columbia, SC, argued (Jack B. Swerling, on brief), for defendant-appellee.

Before RUSSELL and HALL, Circuit Judges, and MORGAN, District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

OPINION

MORGAN, District Judge:

Appellee, Grace Ann Sheek was indicted, along with several others, on three counts relating to the August 1991 kidnapping of her two natural children, Amanda and Michael York, and their subsequent transportation across state lines. The indictment alleged that Sheek conspired to kidnap and transport the two children in interstate commerce in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1201, 924(c)(1) and 371, that she kidnapped and transported the two children from South Carolina to Missouri between August 17 and 21, 1992 for the purpose of depriving Sollie and Mary Floyd of lawful custody in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1201-02, and that a firearm was used in connection with the kidnapping in violation of 18 U.S.C § 924(c)(1) and (2). ¹ On February 14, 1992, a hearing was held on various motions to dismiss the indictment. By Order dated March 10, 1992, the district court dismissed the three counts applicable to Sheek upon the grounds that she was exempted from liability by virtue of her status as the parent of the two children. The United States appeals the dismissal. ²

I.

There is no dispute that Sheek is the biological mother of the two children. The government established that in November of 1987, the South Carolina Department of Social Services (SCDSS) removed the children from the custody of the Defendant and placed them in the care of the Floyds who were licensed foster parents. In November of 1989, a South Carolina family court issued an Order wherein the parental rights of the Defendant were permanently terminated. ³ At the time of the abduction the SCDSS had full custody of the children, although the children were living with the Floyds who were pursuing adoption. The government alleges that the defendants travelled from Missouri to South Carolina in August of 1991 and abducted the children through the use of force, violence and intimidation upon the Floyds. The defendants threatened the Floyds with a .22 calibre handgun and robbed them of over $5000 in cash.

In its Order, the district court ruled that it was dismissing the indictment as to Sheek because the federal statute excluded "parents" from criminal liability. The government argued that Sheek was not a "parent" within the meaning of the statute because her parental rights had been permanently terminated. Finding that the plain meaning of the statutory term "parent" encompassed a biological parent, the court reasoned that the termination of parental rights at the hands of a state court does not affect whether the biological mother is criminally liable under the federal law. This Court concurs with this reasoning, and the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

II.

A. Statutory Construction

The statute at issue is the Federal Kidnapping Act. 18 U.S.C.S. §§ 1201 et seq. (Law Co-op 1992 Supp.) [hereinafter the "Act"]. ⁴ In pertinent part it reads:

Whoever unlawfully seizes, confines, inveigles, decoys, kidnaps, abducts or carries away and holds for ransom or reward or otherwise any person, except in the case of a minor by the parent thereof, when ... the person is willfully transported in interstate or foreign commerce ... shall be punished by imprisonment for any term of years or for life.

18 U.S.C.S. § 1201(a) (emphasis added). There have been two amendments to the Act which shed light on the issue at hand. As originally enacted, the statute was worded to impose criminal liability only for kidnappings which were committed for "ransom or reward." There was no explicit reference to a kidnapping by a parent. The Act was first amended in 1934 to expand liability to kidnappings "for ransom or reward or otherwise ... except in the case of a minor by a parent." An amendment passed in 1990 also addressed "parents." It established a special rule providing enhanced sentences when children are kidnapped and listed certain family members as being exempt from its provisions.

If ... the victim of an offense under this section has not attained the age of eighteen years; and ... the offender ... has attained such age; and ... is not (I) a parent; (II) a grandparent; (III) a brother; (IV) a sister; (V) an aunt; (VI) an uncle; or (VII) an individual having legal custody of the victim; the sentence under this section for such offense shall be subject to [statutorily prescribed enhancement of sentence under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines].

18 U.S.C.S. § 1201(g) (Law Co-op 1992 & Supp.) (emphasis added).

The government does not dispute that the Act was always intended to exempt parents under the law. There is ample precedent compelling this conclusion. The original wording "for ransom or reward" was intended to exclude kidnappings by parents because such acts, it was assumed, were not undertaken for remunerative gain. United States v. Boettcher, 780 F.2d 435, 436 (4th Cir.1985). As this Court has previously observed, the legislative history bears out this conclusion. In the House debate on the bill in 1932, Chairman Dyer stated that "[t]here is not anybody who would want to send a parent to the penitentiary for taking possession of his or her own child, even though the order of the court was violated and it was a technical kidnapping." 75 Cong.Rec. 13,296 (1932). See also Boettcher, 780 F.2d at 436, n. 3.

The 1934 amendment was enacted to clarify the "ransom or reward" provision by bringing into the purview of the statute such kidnappings as are done to secure something other than monetary benefit. Gooch v. United States, 297 U.S. 124, 128, 56 S.Ct. 395, 397, 80 L.Ed. 522 (1936). Having added the words "or otherwise" in order to accomplish this goal, it became necessary to expressly state the parental exception. The statute was passed to "enlarge ... and clarify its purpose." Gooch, 297 U.S. at 126-27, 56 S.Ct. at 396-97.

Noting that the term "parent" is not defined, the government argues that it is ambiguous as used in the statute. In support of this contention, the government points to the 1990 amendment in which Congress found it necessary to expressly exempt parents from enhanced sentencing provisions. The argument is made that if "parents" could not be liable under the general provisions of the statute, it would be unnecessary to exempt "parents" from the sentencing provision. Thus, the government asserts that biological parents who have had their parental rights permanently terminated are a type of parent who should not be considered "parents" under the general exemption to the Act. ⁵ Whether there exists a type of "parent", other than a biological parent, who is not subject to the exemption is beyond the scope of this opinion.

In order for this Court to conclude that Congress intended such severed parents to be liable under the Act, the Court must first find itself free to read such a distinction into the law. In determining the scope of a statute the court must first look to its language. The words of a statute are to be given their ordinary meaning. Moskal v. United States, 498 U.S. 103, 111 S.Ct. 461, 112 L.Ed.2d 449 (1990); United States v. Stokley, 881 F.2d 114, 116 (4th Cir.1989). Statutory construction must begin with the language of the statute and the court should not look beyond that language unless there is ambiguity or unless the statute as literally read would contravene the unambiguously expressed legislative intent gleaned from the statute's legislative history. Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 20-28, 104 S.Ct. 296, 299-303, 78 L.Ed.2d 17 (1983); Consumer Product Safety Comm'n v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102, 108-116, 100 S.Ct. 2051, 2056-60, 64 L.Ed.2d 766 (1980). Even if the result appears to be anomalous or absurd in a particular case, the court may not disregard unambiguous language. United States v. Harvey, 814 F.2d 905, 917 (4th Cir.1987) (citing North Carolina Dep't of Transportation v. Crest Street Community Council, 479 U.S. 6, 14-15, 107 S.Ct. 336, 341, 93 L.Ed.2d 188 (1986)), superseded on other grounds In re Forfeiture Hearing as to Caplin & Drysdale, 837 F.2d 637 (4th Cir.1988).

In its suggestion that this Court must read into the statute congressional intent not to exempt a biological parent whose rights have been permanently terminated, the government faces three persuasive counter-arguments:

(1) Notwithstanding the government's reference to Black's Law Dictionary for the proposition that the word "parent" is susceptible of some expansive variation in its exact definition, this Court finds no basis for contracting the definition to exclude one who begets the child. A state court, pursuant to its authority to oversee domestic relations matters, may terminate parental rights but it may not alter the identity of a biological parent.

(2) The government has not persuaded this Court that some "anomalous result" would occur if a biological mother is found to be a parent under the circumstances of this case. Thus, Harvey further persuades this Court to find biological parents excluded from criminal liability.

(3) This is a criminal statute which carries with it special rules of construction. It is a fundamental rule of criminal statutory construction that statutes are to be strictly construed and should not be interpreted to extend criminal liability beyond that which Congress has "plainly and unmistakably" proscribed. Dunn v. United States, 442...