U.S. v. Winn

• Decision Date: 09 December 2010
• Docket Number: No. 09-2805,09-2805
• Citation: 628 F.3d 432
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Trae L. WINN, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

628 F.3d 432

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,

v.Trae L. WINN, Appellant.

No. 09-2805.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: April 12, 2010.

Filed: Dec. 9, 2010.

Kenton M. Hall, Kansas City, MO, argued, for appellant.

Paul S. Becker, Asst. U.S. Atty., Kansas City, MO, argued (Matt J. Whitworth, U.S. Atty., on the brief), for appellee.

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, COLLOTON, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

A jury convicted Trae Winn of possession with intent to distribute less than 50 kilograms of marijuana and use or carriage of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense. Winn appeals, contesting an evidentiary ruling, the jury instructions, and the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his firearm conviction. We affirm.

I.

At around 11:00 a.m. on March 20, 2008, Winn was involved in a car chase through a neighborhood in Kansas City, Missouri. A maroon or purple Pontiac chased Winn's red Camaro at speeds that exceeded sixty miles per hour. During the chase, one of the Pontiac's occupants fired a gun toward Winn and his Camaro. Winn's car struck a GMC pickup truck that was not involved in the chase, injuring the pickup's driver.

After the collision, Winn exited his wrecked car and fired a .45 caliber semiautomatic pistol toward the Pontiac. One of the passengers in the Pontiac returned fire, and the Pontiac then fled. No one was injured by the gunfire, but shots hit and damaged nearby buildings, a parked car, and a residential garage. Winn remained at the scene and waited for police to arrive. He removed the empty magazine from his firearm and placed the magazine, firearm, and paperwork for the firearm on the roof of his car.

Officer Erwin Brown of the Kansas City Police Department witnessed the Pontiac pursue Winn's car. Brown advised his dispatcher of the car chase. He lost sight of the vehicles until he came upon the collision between Winn's car and the pickup. Officer Christopher Defreece heard Brown's call over the radio and arrived at the accident scene shortly thereafter. Defreece observed Winn's firearm on the roof of the Camaro and then placed Winn in handcuffs.

Defreece conducted a search of Winn's person before placing him in a patrol wagon. Defreece discovered a holster and double magazine holder secured to Winn's torso by a leather belt. According to Defreece's testimony, a double magazine holder stores magazines used to reload the firearm with ammunition. Police also found a magazine that contained ten live rounds of ammunition lying near Winn's car.

Winn provided police with a statement detailing his account of the incident. He said that the Pontiac approached him at an intersection, and that he grew nervous when one of the occupants pulled a hood over his head. Winn turned his car to get away from the Pontiac, but a passenger in the Pontiac began firing at him. After Winn crashed into the pickup, the Pontiac's occupant fired more shots in Winn's direction, and Winn acknowledged that he returned fire. Winn was released from police custody after providing his statement.

During his interview with police, Winn granted written consent for police to search his Camaro, which had been taken to a city tow lot. A search uncovered a cellular telephone and a plastic shopping bag, which was hidden underneath the front passenger seat. The shopping bag held three zipper storage bags of marijuana, multiple empty baggies, and a digital scale. The three zipper bags contained 80.07 grams, 34.92 grams, and 46.54 grams of marijuana, for a total of 161.53 grams. A grand jury indicted Winn for possession with intent to distribute less than 50 kilograms of marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D), and use or carriage of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A)(iii) and 2.

At trial, in addition to evidence of the car chase, the subsequent search of Winn's person and vehicle, and Winn's post-arrest statements, the government presented testimony from Jennifer Howard, a senior criminalist for the Kansas City Police Department. Howard testified about her analysis of samples taken from the evidence found in Winn's vehicle after the March 2008 incident. She said that Winn was a possible contributor to the genetic mixture found on the shopping bag that contained the three zipper bags of marijuana, baggies, and digital scale, and that the probability that his genetic profile was included randomly was one in thirteen. As to the zipper bags themselves, Winn was excluded as a contributor to the genetic mixture on one bag; another bag contained insufficient genetic information for testing; and Winn was a possible contributor to the genetic information on the third bag. The probability of the random inclusion of Winn's genetic profile on the third bag was one in forty-thousand. Howard testified that Winn was a "clear major contributor" to the genetic information on the digital scale; the probability of random inclusion was a minuscule one in eighteen quintillion.

Prior to trial, the district court ¹ ruled that the government would be permitted to introduce certain evidence pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). During trial, the government presented evidence that Winn was arrested on August 28, 2007, after he fled from a traffic stop. Law enforcement officers found $706 on his person, a digital scale with a "green leafy substance-type residue" in his vehicle,and a loaded .45 caliber firearm and a bag containing baggies and 217 grams of marijuana along the route of Winn's flight. The district court ² adhered to the pretrial ruling, and admitted the evidence under Rule 404(b) as relevant to Winn's knowledge and intent on the charged drug trafficking offense.

In support of Winn's defense, Rachel Jones, the mother of Winn's two children, testified that Winn did not knowingly possess the marijuana found inside the Camaro. According to Jones' testimony, Winn stayed at her apartment on occasion, including during the morning of March 20, 2008. A few hours before the car chase and shootout, according to Jones' testimony, she found marijuana in her apartment. Jones purportedly feared eviction for being found with marijuana, and she had asked Winn not to store his marijuana in her apartment. Jones claimed that unbeknownst to Winn, who was asleep at the time, she placed the marijuana underneath the front passenger seat of Winn's Camaro, where police later found it.

At the close of evidence, Winn filed a motion for judgment of acquittal, asserting that the evidence did not show that Winn knowingly possessed marijuana, or that Winn's use of a firearm in the shootout was connected to drug trafficking. The district court denied the motion. The jury returned a guilty verdict on both counts, and the district court denied Winn's motion for a new trial.

II.

A.

Winn first contends that the district court erred by admitting evidence of the marijuana and firearm discovered after his August 2007 arrest. We review the district court's decision to admit evidence under Rule 404(b) for abuse of discretion. United States v. Trogdon, 575 F.3d 762, 766 (8th Cir.2009).

Rule 404(b) prohibits admission of evidence of an accused's prior bad acts to prove character or propensity to commit crime, but it does not exclude such evidence for other purposes, such as to prove knowledge or intent. Id. Evidence of prior acts is admissible under Rule 404(b) if (1) it is relevant to a material issue; (2) it is similar in kind and close in time to the charged offense; (3) it is supported by evidence such that a jury could reasonably find that the defendant committed the prior act; and (4) its probative value is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. United States v. Jewell, 614 F.3d 911, 922 (8th Cir.2010).

Winn argues that the evidence of the August 2007 arrest was not similar in kind to the March 2008 offense. But each incident involved possession, while in a vehicle, of a significant quantity of marijuana, a firearm, a digital scale, and baggies. We thus conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by determining that the instant allegations are similar in material respects to the circumstances of Winn's August 2007 arrest.

Winn also claims that the government failed to present sufficient evidence that he possessed the marijuana and firearm found after his 2007 arrest. To admit evidence under Rule 404(b), the district court need only determine that a reasonable jury could find by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed the prior act.Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 685, 108 S.Ct. 1496, 99 L.Ed.2d 771 (1988); United States v. Stenger, 605 F.3d 492, 500 n. 4 (8th Cir.2010). Law enforcement officers testified that Winn was the driver of the vehicle that fled from the traffic stop, that Winn had on his person a key and key fob that matched the vehicle, and that the marijuana and firearm were discovered along the route by which vehicle fled. The government also presented evidence that Winn was a possible contributor of genetic material found on the firearm, although that evidence was not conclusive, and evidence that Winn possessed tools of the drug trade—a large amount of currency on his person, and a digital scale in the vehicle. This is sufficient to support a finding by a preponderance of the evidence that Winn knowingly possessed the marijuana and firearm, and that he intended to distribute the drugs.

Finally, Winn contends that the probative value of the evidence of his prior arrest was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. The district court, in its pretrial ruling on the issue, carefully considered the risk of unfair prejudice, and excluded evidence that Winn possessed another drug, in addition to the marijuana, when arrested. The court also addressed the possible prejudicial effect of the evidence by instructing the jury to...