Union Pac. R. Co. v. Heckers

• Decision Date: 07 May 1973
• Docket Number: No. 25409,25409
• Citation: 181 Colo. 374,509 P.2d 1255
• Parties: UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY, a Utah corporation, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John H. HECKERS, The Director of Revenue, Now known as the Executive Directorof the Department of Revenue, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: Colorado Supreme Court

Page 1255

509 P.2d 1255

181 Colo. 374

UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY, a Utah corporation, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John H. HECKERS, The Director of Revenue, Now known as the

Executive Directorof the Department of Revenue,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 25409.

Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.

May 7, 1973.

Rehearing Denied May 29, 1973.

Gorsuch, Kirgis, Campbell, Walker & Grover, James H. Turner, Stephen A. Weinstein, E. Shannon Jennings, Knowles, Hopper & Molen, Clayton D. Knowles, Denver Daniel S. Morrison, of the New York Bar, New York City, for plaintiff-appellant.

Duke W. Dunbar, Atty. Gen., John P. Moore, John F. Bush, Deputy Attys. Gen., Bernard S. Kamine, Asst. Atty. Gen., Denver, for defendant-appellee.

GROVES, Justice.

This case concerns the amount of Colorado state income tax payable by the Union Pacific Railroad Company for the year 1965. The issues relate to the proper method of deduction of Ad valorem and other taxes paid by Union Pacific in the computation of its net income derived from Colorado sources. The Colorado Director of Revenue (herein called director) made a determination that Union Pacific owed an additional sum of $24,361.36, including interest and penalties. Union Pacific appealed to the district court, which affirmed the director's determination. We affirm.

Union Pacific operates in 13 states, including Colorado.

The provisions of the Colorado income tax law which are applicable to this case have remained relatively unchanged since 1937. They provide that an income tax is imposed upon net income 'derived from sources within Colorado,' including 'income from tangible and intangible property located for having a situs in this state and income from any activities carried on in this state, regardless of whether carried on in intrastate, interstate, or foreign commerce.' ¹ They also provide that, where a corporation's gross income is derived from property located and business transacted in part within and in part without Colorado, where practicable direct allocation of such income may be made, together with the applicable deductions. ²

After making provision for allocation of certain types of income, the statute provides that the remainder of income from sources both within and without Colorado shall be subject to a formula in order to determine the portion derived from sources within the state. ³ One-half weight in the formula is given to the ratio of the real property and tangible property of Union Pacific situated within Colorado to all of its real property and tangible personal property. The other half weight is given to the ratio of gross receipts assignable to Colorado and all gross receipts. One-half of the formula is applied to one-half of the applicable overall net income; and the other half of the formula is applied to the remaining half of such net income. The sum of the results from the two applications becomes the Colorado net income.

Among deductions permitted by statute are '(t)axes paid during the taxable year' (with certain exceptions). ⁴

In 1944 the director and Union Pacific entered into a 'Memorandum of Understanding' (herein called Memorandum) relating to income tax returns for 1939 and subsequent years. This document provided: 'The State and County taxes shall be allowed as directly allocable items of expense to specific states where imposed.' As a result, the net income derived from Colorado sources for the year 1939 and subsequent years were computed by (1) arriving at an overall net income figure without deduction of Colorado taxes; (2) application of the formulary percentages to determine Colorado net income; and (3) deduction of the Colorado taxes from the Colorado net income to reach Colorado taxable income.

By statute effective July 1, 1965, the director was given authority to adopt rules and regulations. 1965 Perm.Supp., C.R.S.1963, 138--9--11(1). Pursuant to this statute he prepared regulations which provided, Inter alia, that 'all prior agreements existing under former rules, regulations, or bulletins must be reaffirmed or will be invalid.' The director complied with the Administrative Code in preparing and publishing these rules. C.R.S.1963, 3--16--2. The rules were adopted, the Memorandum was not reaffirmed, and thus, according to the director, the Memorandum was cancelled.

In 1965 Union Pacific paid $1,200,000 in Colorado state and local taxes (except income taxes), for convenience all of which state and local taxes we will call Ad valorem taxes, although actually some other taxes were included. ⁵ In computing its 1965 Colorado income tax return, Union Pacific showed net system-wide income at $76,034,000. In reaching this figure it did not deduct $21,145,000 paid in all states as Ad valorem taxes. To the $76,034,000 figure it applied the two apportionment factors of 3.19078% And 4.10446%, reaching $2,773,000 as the net income derived from sources within Colorado. From this figure it subtracted the $1,200,000 Colorado tax item, leaving $1,573,000 as Colorado taxable income.

The director claimed--and claims--that the 1965 tax should have been determined as follows: Before the apportionment factors were applied to the system-wide income of $76,034,000, the overall tax figure of $21,145,000 should be deducted. After the application of the apportionment formula, the taxable net income to be allocated to Colorado becomes $2,100,000, in contrast to Union Pacific's figure of $1,573,000. Stated another way, the application of the formulary percentages to all taxes, including those paid in Colorado, results in a deduction of only $729,000 of Colorado Ad valorem taxes, leaving the remaining $471,000 for deduction, as permitted in other states, against the income not derived from Colorado sources. To put it in still another context, it is apparent that, applying the apportionment factor, the Colorado Ad valorem taxes were more than those of the other states in which Union Pacific operated.

I

Union Pacific believes that the statute requires the deduction of Colorado Ad valorem taxes from computed net income derived in Colorado. It states that 'Colorado Ad valorem taxes, in view of their inherent nature, are derived from and attributable to Colorado sources, therefore, must be directly allocated to (i.e., deducted from) Colorado income because (the statutes impose) a tax only 'upon the net income of every corporation derived from sources within this state. '' If this were sound, then by the same token the statute would require the property upon which such Ad valorem taxes are levied in Colorado to be separately allocated to Colorado rather than--as Union Pacific treats it--includable in the overall property for the computations under the apportional formula. Other items are just as much connected with Colorado as are Ad valorem taxes. An interstate business would not seem to have the right to select an item that will give it an advantage, to the exclusion of other items which will not give such an advantage.

Union Pacific has urged very strongly upon us Union Pacific Railroad Company v. State Tax Commission, 145 Kan. 715, 68 P.2d 1 (1937), and even suggests that this decision was the basis for the 1944 Memorandum. It further urges as authority Magnolia Pipeline Co. v. Oklahoma Tax Commission, 196 Okl. 633, 167 P.2d 884 (1946). We do not find these opinions persuasive and hold that the statute does not require the direct deduction of Colorado Ad valorem taxes from Colorado net income.

II

Union Pacific urges that the director's method of computing the tax imposes an unlawful burden on interstate commerce, and violates the due process and equal protection clauses of the federal and state constitutions. U.S.Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3; U.S.Const. amend. XIV and Colo.Const. art. V. Its basis for this argument is stated as follows:

'(a) that a state cannot project its taxing power beyond its borders,

'(b) that apportionment cannot operate to reach profits not attributable to transactions within the state's jurisdiction,

'(c) that projecting Colorado's taxing powers beyond its borders has never been upheld by the Colorado courts.'

In this connection, Union Pacific has particularly emphasized Norfolk and Western Railway v. Missouri Tax Commission, 390 U.S. 317, 88 S.Ct. 995, 19 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1968) and Hans Rees' Sons v. State of North Carolina, 283 U.S. 123, 51 S.Ct. 385, 75 L.Ed. 879 (1930). In Norfolk and Western, Missouri levied an Ad valorem tax against the railroad's rolling stock. To ascertain the value of the rolling stock located within Missouri the State Tax Commission applied a mileage formula, which resulted in a finding that 8.2824% Of the railroad's entire rolling stock was in Missouri. The railroad showed, however, that only 2.71% Of its units actually were in that state and the value of the rolling stock in Missouri was only 3.16% Of all rolling stock. The court understandably held that 8.2824% Was an unfair and disproportionate percentage. It stated the rule that, in apportioning all interstate...