United States Kassin v. Mulligan
Decision Date | 13 May 1935 |
Docket Number | No. 569,569 |
Citation | 79 L.Ed. 1501,295 U.S. 396,55 S.Ct. 781 |
Parties | UNITED STATES ex rel. KASSIN v. MULLIGAN, U.S. Marshal, et al |
Court | U.S. Supreme Court |
Mr. David P. Siegel, of New York City, for petitioner.
The Attorney General and Angus D. MacLean, Asst. Sol. Gen., of Washington, D.C., for respondents.
Petitioner by writ of habeas corpus in the District Court for Southern New York sought to test the validity of his commitment by a United States Commissioner in proceedings for removal under R.S. § 1014, 18 U.S.C. § 591 (18 USCA § 591). After hearing upon the transcript of the proceedings before the Commissioner, the District Court dismissed the writ. The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. 73 F.(2d) 274, 275. The questions presented are: Whether, as the Circuit Court of Appeals held, review of the Commissioner's decision ends when the court is assured that he has honestly considered all the evidence presented to him? Is the evidence sufficient to warrant petitioner's removal? Should the Commissioner's findings be set aside for error in the admission of evidence?
Petitioner and six others were indicted in the Southern District of Florida for conspiracy, 18 U.S.C. § 88 (18 USCA § 88), to misapply, and for the misapplication of, funds of a bank in violation of 12 U.S.C. § 592 (12 USCA § 592). Overt acts alleged against him are that, under the name of Arthur Starke, he registered at a Jacksonville Beach hotel and rented a safe deposit box at a St. Augustine bank. He was found in the Southern District of New York, and complaint was made to a Commissioner in that district praying his arrest and removal for trial. He was brought before the Commissioner and, at the hearing that followed, the United States produced a certified copy of the indictment and called witnesses whose testimony tended to prove that petitioner committed the overt acts and that on one occasion when he visited the safe deposit box a codefendant, Goldberg, was with him.
Petitioner admitted the overt acts. But he said he had no connection with the conspiracy and did not know any of the persons accused. He went to Florida to engage in business with one Finberg, who died before the hearing, and for that purpose brought a large sum of money for the safe-keeping of which he hired the box. He assumed the false name at Finberg's suggestion in order to keep secret their connection. He had never been convicted of crime. It was stipulated that, if called as witnesses, certain persons acquainted with petitioner would testify that his reputation for honesty and veracity was excellent. He introduced depositions of five persons implicated, three of whom were codefendants. They testified that they did not know petitioner or have any knowledge of his participation in the offenses charged. Two of them, professing to know all who were involved, definitely asserted that petitioner was not one of them. The other three did not know all the conspirators. Goldberg refused to depose; the other two defendants did not testify. The government called a special agent of the Department of Justice as a witness in rebuttal. The Commissioner, notwithstanding objection that it was incompetent, received his testimony to the effect that both before and after giving their depositions two of the deponents, who had sworn that they did not know petitioner, had said that they did know him and that he had participated in the crimes. The Commissioner found that there was probable cause to believe that petitioner had committed the offenses and held him to await the action of the District Judge.
Removal from one federal district to another under section 1014, R.S. (18 USCA § 591)1 is unlike extradition or interstate rendition, in that the protection owed by a sovereign to those within its territory is not involved. Beavers v. Henkel, 194 U.S. 73, 82, 83, 24 S.Ct. 605, 48 L.Ed. 882. A person accused by indictment and found within the district where he is wanted is not entitled to a hearing in advance of trial. Beavers v. Henkel, supra, 194 U.S. 73, 84, 24 S.Ct. 605, 48 L.Ed. 882. The statute gives such a right to one otherwise accused. There is no constitutional right to a hearing in advance of removal. Undoubtedly, Congress has power to direct that accused persons be taken, immediately and without hearing, before the court for trial. United States ex rel. Hughes v. Gault, 271 U.S. 142, 149, 152, 46 S.Ct. 459, 70 L.Ed. 875. But, as otherwise hardship and injustice might result, it has given a right to examination and hearing. Beavers v. Henkel, supra, 194 U.S. 73, 83, 24 S.Ct. 605, 48 L.Ed. 882; Tinsley v. Treat, 205 U.S. 20, 29, 27 S.Ct. 430, 51 L.Ed. 689; United States ex rel. Hughes v. Gault, supra. In removal proceedings, the case of an indicted person is to be distinguished from that of one accused only by complaint filed with the Commissioner. Identity being shown or admitted, the indictment without more prima facie requires the order of removal. Greene v. Henkel, 183 U.S. 249, 262, 22 S.Ct. 218, 46 L.Ed. 177; Benson v. Henkel, 198 U.S. 1, 10 12, 25 S.Ct. 569, 49 L.Ed. 919; Hyde v. Shine, 199 U.S. 62, 84, 25 S.Ct. 760, 50 L.Ed. 90; Haas v. Henkel, 216 U.S. 462, 481, 30 S.Ct. 249, 54 L.Ed. 569, 17 Ann. Cas. 1112. Evidence is required to support the allegations of the complaint.
It may not with perfect accuracy be said, as in some removal decisions it has been said or implied, that the indictment is evidence of the facts that it alleges. But it fulfills the constitutional requirement (Amendment 5), establishes probable cause (Amendment 4), and is itself authority to bring the accused to trial. In the absence of evidence requiring a finding that there is no ground for the prosecution, the government is entitled to an order for removal. Beavers v. Haubert, 198 U.S. 77, 90, 25 S.Ct. 573, 49 L.Ed. 950; Price v. Henkel, 216 U.S. 488, 493, 30 S.Ct. 257, 54 L.Ed. 581. Cf. South Carolina v. Bailey, 289 U.S. 412, 420, 53 S.Ct. 667, 77 L.Ed. 1292. The indictment is not conclusive, for under section 1014 the petitioner has the right to introduce evidence in opposition to the showing made against him. Tinsley v. Treat, supra, 205 U.S. 20, 32, 27 S.Ct. 430, 51 L.Ed. 689. But as the order of removal adjudges nothing affecting the merits of the case and amounts to no more than a finding that the accused may be brought to trial, the Commissioner is without power to rule on disputed questions of law whether they relate to the sufficiency of the indictment or the validity of the statute on which the charge is based. Henry v. Henkel, 235 U.S. 219, 229, 35 S.Ct. 54, 59 L.Ed. 203; Stallings v. Splain, 253 U.S. 339, 344, 345, 40 S.Ct. 537, 64 L.Ed. 940; Morse v. United...
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