United States v. Bailey, s. 99-3050

• Decision Date: 14 April 2000
• Docket Number: 99-3225,99-3244,Nos. 99-3050,s. 99-3050
• Parties: (8th Cir. 2000) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, APPELLEE, v. GERALD REY BAILEY, APPELLANT. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, APPELLEE, v. ANTHONY WELLS JOHNSON,APPELLANT. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,APPELLEE, v. GREGORY DONNELL HEDGEWOOD,APPELLANT. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,APPELLEE, v. ERIC LEMAR FALLS,APPELLANT. , and 99-3647 Submitted:
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 1069

235 F.3d 1069 (8th Cir. 2000)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, APPELLEE, v. GERALD REY BAILEY, APPELLANT.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, APPELLEE, v. ANTHONY WELLS JOHNSON,APPELLANT.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,APPELLEE, v. GREGORY DONNELL HEDGEWOOD,APPELLANT.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,APPELLEE, v. ERIC LEMAR FALLS,APPELLANT.

Nos. 99-3050, 99-3225, 99-3244, and 99-3647

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

Submitted: April 14, 2000

Filed: December 22, 2000

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa. [Copyrighted Material Omitted] Before Bowman, Magill, and Hansen, Circuit Judges.

Hansen, Circuit Judge.

Gerald Rey Bailey, Anthony Wells Johnson, Gregory Donnell Hedgewood, and Eric Lemar Falls ("defendants") appeal the district court's ¹ decision denying their 28 U.S.C. 2255 motions to vacate, set aside, or correct their sentences under 18 U.S.C. 924(c). The district court found that the defendants failed to demonstrate that they were actually innocent of carrying a firearm during and in relation to their drug trafficking conspiracy. We affirm.

I. Background

All four defendants pleaded guilty to numerous cocaine and cocaine base trafficking offenses for which they were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 210 months to 360 months. Each of the defendants also pleaded guilty to the crime of using or carrying a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking conspiracy for which they each were sentenced to an additional five-year consecutive sentence. See 18 U.S.C. 924(c)(1).

The defendants appealed their convictions to this court. See United States v. Falls, 34 F.3d 674 (8th Cir. 1994). We affirmed the convictions after rejecting the defendants' challenges to the district court's refusal to suppress certain evidence obtained by the government from intercepted oral communications and by use of video surveillance. See id. at 683. Following our decision, however, the Supreme Court rendered its decision in Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 143-44 (1995), holding that a conviction for "use" under 924(c) requires a showing of active employment of a firearm rather than mere possession by a defendant. The defendants filed the instant 2255 motions asserting that the government failed to obtain valid 924(c) convictions in light of the ruling in Bailey.

The district court found that the defendants had procedurally defaulted their Bailey claims by failing to raise them during the direct review process. The district court further found that the defendants failed to demonstrate cause and prejudice or actual innocence to excuse the default. Although the district court found that the defendants had probably proven actual innocence of "use" under 924(c), the court found sufficient evidence to support a "carry" conviction, and therefore, the defendants had failed to prove actual innocence. Accordingly, the district court denied the defendants' 2255 motions. The district court, however, granted the defendants a certificate of appealability on the sole issue of whether any of the defendants established actual innocence to excuse the procedural defaults. We review the district court's legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error. See United States v. Felici, 208 F.3d 667, 669-70 (8th Cir. 2000).

II. Analysis

A defendant who has procedurally defaulted a claim by failing to raise it on direct review may only raise that claim in a 2255 proceeding if the defendant demonstrates cause and prejudice for the default or by demonstrating actual innocence. See Dejan v. United States, 208 F.3d 682, 685 (8th Cir. 2000) (citing Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 622 (1998)). The defendants in this case failed to establish cause and prejudice because their Bailey-based argument could have been raised at the time of the guilty pleas. See Dejan, 208 F.3d at 685 (explaining that "even if the plea court was unlikely to accept his pre-Bailey 'use' argument, assumed futility is not considered 'cause' for not raising the claim"). Thus, the defendants may assert their present Bailey claims and attempt to obtain relief from their additional five-year consecutive sentences only if they can establish that they were factually actually innocent of the 924(c) offense.

In order to establish a valid claim of actual factual innocence, the defendants "must demonstrate that, in light of all the evidence, it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted [them]." Hohn v. United States, 193 F.3d 921, 923-24 (8th Cir. 1999) (citing Bousley, 523 U.S. at 623); accord, Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 327-38 (1995). The defendants also "must show factual innocence, not simply legal insufficiency of evidence to support a conviction." Dejan, 208 F.3d at 686 (citing Bousley, 523 U.S. at 623).

There is little doubt that at least one firearm was displayed and that probably two firearms were carried during the conspiracy at the Des Moines apartment which served as the Iowa headquarters of the defendants' California-based drug trafficking conspiracy. The conspiracy began prior to January 13, 1993, and lasted until the defendants were arrested on January 29, 1993. See Falls, 34 F.3d at 676-77. The district court found that

[t]he record, including the video surveillance tapes, ² reveals that on January 24, 1993, during the course of the conspiracy, one of the defendants, probably Falls, actually held a firearm in his hand for a few minutes in the apartment the defendants had acquired for the purpose of their drug distribution conspiracy, and this occurred in the presence of the other defendants.

(Gov't Add. at 5-6.) That firearm has been described as a silver handgun which the government conceded during oral argument was brought into the apartment by a visitor, and then handled and displayed by defendant Falls in the presence of the other defendants. The silver gun was returned to the visitor who then left the apartment with the silver gun in her purse. A second weapon, described as a loaded .45 caliber was seized from the bedroom of the apartment when the defendants were arrested on January 29, 1993. Other surveillance tapes show that .45 present at various places in the apartment at various times during the conspiracy. (Johnson App. at 200.) The amended final copy of the presentence investigation report (PSIR) reveals that a witness observed a handgun in the apartment during the December (1992) to January 1993 time period and asked defendant Bailey to remove it from the couch area in the living room, which he did. (Bailey and Falls Br. at 18.) It is somewhat unclear from the record whether the gun removed from the couch and carried by Bailey to a different location within the crack house was the silver handgun or the loaded .45 which was kept in the apartment. (Johnson PSIR, App. at 62, 19, ("Surveillance photos also evidenced that on January 24, 1993, Eric Falls possessed a silver handgun in the apartment, while Bailey, Hedgewood, and Johnson were also present. [Witness's name] had observed the handgun in the apartment during the December to January 1993 time period, and asked Bailey to remove it from the couch area in the living room.")). Question: Is "the handgun in the apartment" which Bailey carried from the couch the silver handgun or the .45 which was kept in the apartment? If it is the silver gun, then two different defendants physically handled and carried that firearm. If it is the .45, then two different firearms were handled and carried within the apartment during the ongoing conspiracy. In addition, the PSIR for each defendant shows that another coconspirator--William Person--was arrested on January 25, 1993, in Kansas City after police found $64,225 and a 9 mm. pistol in the motor home he was driving. (Johnson App. at 61; Hedgewood App. at 53, 58, and 62.) The money Person was carrying constituted drug proceeds of the conspiracy, some of which proceeds came from the operation in Des Moines. (See Johnson App. at 61; Sent. Tr., Vol. II at 61-62, 91, 113.) Both 9 mm. and .45 ammunition were seized from the apartment. The defendants do not, nor could they, seriously challenge these factual findings, which clearly show that at least one if not three firearms were physically handled and carried by members of the drug trafficking conspiracy during the course of that conspiracy. See, e.g., United States v. Turner, 157 F.3d 552, 557 (8th Cir. 1998) (explaining that transporting a firearm in a vehicle satisfies "carrying" for purposes of 924(c), citing to Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 139 (1998)).

Nevertheless, the defendants argue that the silver gun handled and displayed in the apartment was not carried "in relation to" the drug conspiracy because there were no actual drug trafficking activities going on in the apartment at the time of the carrying. See 18 U.S.C. 924(c)(1) ("[w]hoever, during and in relation to any . . . drug trafficking crime . . . uses or carries a firearm") (emphasis added)). At a minimum, "in relation to" means that "the firearm must have some purpose or effect with respect to the drug trafficking crime; its presence or involvement cannot be the result of accident or coincidence." Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 238 (1993). In other words, the firearm must facilitate or have the potential for facilitating the drug trafficking offenses. See id.

The defendants have failed to carry their burden of demonstrating that the firearms were not carried "in relation to" the drug conspiracy. The videotape showing Falls holding a firearm for a few minutes in the Des Moines apartment, or the witness testimony that Bailey on an earlier occasion had carried either that firearm or the .45 from the living room couch are enough, standing alone, to support a finding that a firearm was carried "in relation to" the drug conspiracy. Though we agree with defendants that temporal proximity between the carrying of a firearm and drug...