United States v. Benson, 71-1524.

• Decision Date: 28 November 1972
• Docket Number: No. 71-1524.,71-1524.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kenneth James BENSON, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

469 F.2d 1356 (1972)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kenneth James BENSON, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 71-1524.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued September 15, 1972.

Decided November 28, 1972.

Leonard Karlin, Chicago, Ill., for defendant-appellant.

James R. Thompson, U. S. Atty., William M. Elsbury, Asst. U. S. Atty., Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellee.

Before HASTINGS, Senior Circuit Judge, and PELL and STEVENS, Circuit Judges.

HASTINGS, Senior Circuit Judge.

Defendant was convicted, after a bench trial on stipulated facts, of a charge of having violated 50 U.S.C.Appendix § 462 by willfully failing to report for induction as ordered. His appeal raises three questions: (1) Does a criminal charge pending against a Selective Service registrant on his scheduled reporting date excuse his failure to report? (2) Did the local board in this case employ improper procedures in denying defendant's several claims for deferment, thus violating his right to due process and rendering invalid his I-A classification and the induction order based thereon? (3) Did the trial court err in finding that defendant's failure to report was "willful"? We answer each of these questions in the negative and affirm the conviction.

On December 3, 1965, defendant, then a high school student, registered with his local board.¹ He was thereafter granted a I-S(H) deferment, at that time the proper classification for a high school student. 32 C.F.R. § 1622.15(a) (1966). In January 1967, defendant, responding to a request from the board, supplied information concerning his then-current status, on the basis of which the board classified him I-A on March 8, 1967. Defendant admits that this was a valid classification at the time. He made no attempt to appeal from the classification within the time allowed by regulation. He reported for a physical examination on June 16, 1967, and at that time informed the military examiners that there were state court charges pending against him as the result of a recent arrest. He further told the examiners that the charges were set for trial on August 26, 1967. The military authorities held up determination of defendant's acceptability for induction until after that date. It does not appear from the record what investigation, if any, they undertook in the meantime. On September 8, 1967, the military examiners informed the board that defendant was then qualified for induction in all respects. A copy of this communication was furnished by the board to defendant.

On December 26, 1967, the board ordered defendant to report for induction on the following January 24. Defendant appeared personally at the board's office on January 2, 1968, and requested the form for conscientious objectors. He submitted the completed form on January 8, claiming for the first time the status of conscientious objector and the I-O classification. By authority of the State Director of Selective Service, on January 16 the board postponed defendant's induction until further notice, in order to allow it to consider the application at its next scheduled meeting. At its meeting on April 10, the board determined there had been "no change in the registrant's status resulting from circumstances over which he had no control." Defendant was apprised of the board's unanimous decision by a letter sent to him on April 11. The board received a reply from defendant on April 29, which stated:

"I am making a formal request for a personal appearance before the Local Board to discuss my present classification under the Selective Service system, and why my request for a classification of I-O was refused by the Local Board."

The board responded on May 1 with a letter informing defendant that he had no procedural right of appearance or appeal. On the same day it ordered him to report for induction on May 14. Defendant replied by letter (received on May 10), once again requesting a personal appearance before the board and advising it that the charges were still pending against him and that he was out on bail. The board on May 13 postponed defendant's induction until further notice, once again on the authority of the State Director. As requested, it also mailed defendant the appropriate application form to volunteer for civilian work. Defendant completed the form and returned it promptly.

The board informed defendant on July 11 that it had considered all the information submitted by him and decided unanimously that there had been no change in his status. The board's letter further informed defendant he would receive a notice to report for induction. Defendant responded with letters addressed to the chairman of the board, the state appeal board and the Government appeal agent, all received by the board on August 6, requesting assistance in processing an appeal from the board's denial of his I-O classification. The board replied by letter on August 7 advising defendant that he had "no right of personal appearance or appeal at this time inasmuch as your last Classification Card of 1-A was mailed to you on March 10, 1967." Nevertheless, the board granted defendant a "courtesy interview at the next meeting, which will be in September." It also told defendant how to contact the Government appeal agent.

On September 18, defendant received his courtesy interview with the board. The same day he supplied the board with a completed Current Information Questionnaire, indicating that he was "awaiting trail sic" and that he was then a full-time student. The minutes of the board show a unanimous determination that there had been "no change in his status resulting from circumstances over which he had no control. Classification not re-opened." The letter informing defendant of this decision also advised him that his application to volunteer for civilian work could not be processed since he had not been classified I-O. At the same time, the board sent defendant's file to the State Director for review and comment. Specifically, the board sought the State Director's assurance that it had handled the case correctly before proceeding further. By letter of September 30, the Deputy State Director returned defendant's file to the board, advising it:

"This registrant should be ordered for induction by letter on your next available call. If he has been placed under bond, you should obtain all of the facts and include this information with his physical examination papers when they are forwarded to AFEES Armed Forces Examining and Entrance Station at the time of induction."

The board sent defendant a letter on October 3. Referring to the Current Information Questionnaire he filed on September 18, the letter stated:

"It is noted in Series VI—Court Record, that you were awaiting trail sic, but entered no offense. Kindly submit the facts in your case for consideration of the local board. This information is necessary to fully determine your status at this time."

Defendant replied to this request by letter received October 8, in which he wrote:

"The charges which I face are as follows, case I: disorderly counduct sic, mob action inciting to riot, resisting arrest; case II: inciting to riot, resisting arrest and assaulting a officier sic."

Defendant also renewed his request that the board take steps to have his "appeal" processed. Finally, defendant included a certificate from the Central YMCA Community College confirming his status as a full-time first-year student. The board replied on October 11 that in its opinion defendant did not qualify for a student deferment because "you were ordered for induction to report on January 24, 1968 at which time you were not in school. Therefore, such information does not warrant re-opening your classification" (emphasis in original). Defendant's file indicates this letter followed a telephone poll of the members of the board.

On October 11, the board sent a letter to defendant ordering him to report for induction on October 24, 1968. At its meeting of October 16, the minutes show the new information was considered and the board found no change in defendant's status.² By letter of October 16, defendant replied to the letter ordering him to report:

"At this time I am serving notice to you that my induction into the U. S. Armed forces cannot take place as mentioned in your letter due the the sic dates of trail sic in the two (2) criminal cases that I am presently awaiting trail sic for. It would be a severe misscarriage sic of justice if I were inducted into the Armed forces at this time."

Once again defendant renewed his request that his "appeal" be processed.

The board responded on October 18 by requesting that defendant "get a letter from your attorney stating the facts of your criminal cases that you are presently awaiting trial for; and that letter should indicate whether or not you are on bond and if you have court dates pending at this time. Kindly take this letter with you" (emphasis in original). The letter reminded defendant that he had no right to appeal.³

On October 24, defendant failed to report for induction as ordered. His failure to report was brought to the attention of the United States Attorney four days later. On November 19, 1968, defendant wrote to the board as follows:

"As you may be well aware of on October 24, 1968. I was scheduled to report to the U. S. Armed forces Induction center located at 615 West Van Buren, 4th floor at 6:30 A. M. As you have probably been notified by the above mentioned Induction Center, that I did not report to the center at the stated time, nor did I report late on the same day. As you and I both are aware of this action leaves me subject to fine and/or imprisonment.

"However as stated to you in my previous letters. I feel that in order to have prevented the board and myself from becoming participants in various unjust actions. The only rational course of action left open to me, in light of the posistion sic taken by the board, was for me to refuse

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