United States v. Delerme
Decision Date | 14 March 1972 |
Docket Number | No. 71-2047.,71-2047. |
Citation | 457 F.2d 156 |
Parties | UNITED STATES of America v. Matias DELERME, Jr., Appellant. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit |
Kenneth A. Rosskopf, Gamal & Rosskopf, Christiansted, St. Croix, V. I., for appellant.
Julio A. Brady, Asst. U. S. Atty, St. Thomas, V. I., for appellee.
Before SEITZ, Chief Judge, and ALDISERT and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.
This appeal from a judgment of conviction entered on a non-jury finding of guilty under 18 U.S.C. § 242, prohibiting the wilful deprivation under color of law of the rights, privileges or immunities guaranteed to an inhabitant by the Constitution, poses the single question whether there was sufficient proof that the accused, a police officer, took it upon himself to administer punishment for an alleged traffic offense. If such was his purpose, his conduct deprived a Virgin Islands resident of due process of law, and thus was duly cognizable as a federal criminal offense under the deprivation statute.
The prosecution emanated from an incident which occurred on Centerline Road, St. Croix, when appellant, an off-duty police officer, not in uniform and operating a private motor car in which a lady friend was a passenger, attempted to pass an automobile operated by Odo Harvey Chicot. It was appellant's contention that the Chicot vehicle accelerated as he attempted to overtake it, whereupon appellant undertook to apprehend Chicot for the purpose of giving him "a warning."
Testimony was conflicting as to what transpired thereafter, but the court found "that the weight of the evidence in this case supports the following facts:
Having found the foregoing as historical facts, the court then proceeded to the ultimate finding of guilt:
Initially, we are faced with the troublesome task of discerning the appropriate standard of appellate review of nonjury findings in a criminal proceeding. Unlike the corresponding civil rule, F.R. Civ.P. 52(a),1. Criminal Rule 23(c) does not disclose what effect must be given such findings. It is suggested that the applicable standard of appellate review is dependent upon the specific findings being reviewed; that there is a difference between an ultimate finding of guilt and findings other than guilt. Professor Wright2 indicates that in the former category there exists a division of authorities, with some courts holding that the guilt determination must stand if supported by substantial evidence.3 Others reverse only if the finding is "clearly erroneous,"4 while still others reverse when a reasonable mind could not find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.5 Professor Orfield,6 on the other hand, states flatly that "the Court of Appeals applies the rule that the evidence is to be considered in the light most favorable to the Government, reversing only if it concludes that there was no substantial evidence to support the verdict."7
Concerning findings other than a determination of guilt there is persuasive authority that the "clearly erroneous" standard applies. Thus, the Supreme Court held that findings in a Jencks Act problem "properly are ones of fact, the determination of which by the district judge may not be disturbed unless clearly erroneous." Campbell v. United States, 373 U.S. 487, 493, 83 S.Ct. 1356, 1360, 10 L.Ed.2d 501 (1963). Again, affirming a trial court's finding that consent was obtained prior to a search, the Court observed: "We cannot say as a matter of law that that finding was erroneous." Davis v. United States, 328 U.S. 582, 593, 66 S.Ct. 1256, 1261, 90 L.Ed. 1453 (1946). See also United States v. Gray, 421 F.2d 316 (5th Cir. 1970).
Although we have recently said that in reviewing a finding of guilty by a trial judge, the evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to the government, Government of Virgin Islands v. Duvergee, 456 F.2d 1271 (3d Cir., 1972), United States v. Anderson, 409 F.2d 836, 837 (3d Cir. 1969), the cases cited in Anderson in support of that proposition merely announced the general rule relating to the standard utilized to review jury verdicts.8
As to findings describing historical or narrative events in a criminal proceeding, we see no cogent reason to depart from the "clearly erroneous" rule utilized by appellate courts in reviewing civil matters, and explicitly utilized by Mr. Justice Brennan in reviewing the trial court's finding in Campbell v. United States, supra. We are persuaded that where the evidence consists largely of oral testimony contradictory in nature, "due regard should be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses." F.R.Civ.P. 52(a).
We are not unmindful that appeals in criminal cases, except those authorized by 18 U.S.C. § 3731, are limited...
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