United States v. Moreno-Mendoza
| Decision Date | 21 May 2019 |
| Docket Number | EP-19-CR-778-DB |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America v. Jorge Ivan MORENO-MENDOZA, also known as Jose Manuel Moreno-Mendoza |
| Court | U.S. District Court — Western District of Texas |
James Christopher Skillern, U.S. Attorney's Office, El Paso, TX, Joseph H. Gay, Jr., Assistant U.S. Attorney, San Antonio, TX, for United States of America.
Lewis Berray Gainor, Federal Public Defender, El Paso, TX, for Jorge Ivan Moreno-Mendoza.
On this day, the Court considered Defendant Jorge Ivan Moreno-Mendoza's ("Mr. Moreno-Mendoza") "Motion to Dismiss the Indictment" ("Motion"), filed in the above-captioned case on April 25, 2019. On May 6, 2019, the United States of America ("the Government") filed its "Response in Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Indictment" ("Response"). After due consideration, the Court is of the opinion that Mr. Moreno-Mendoza's Motion should be granted.
On March 20, 2019, a Grand Jury sitting in the Western District of Texas returned a single count Indictment ("Indictment"), which charges Mr. Moreno-Mendoza with an alleged illegal reentry into the United States in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). Indictment, United States of America v. Jorge Ivan Moreno-Mendoza , (W.D. Tex. March 20, 2019), ECF No. 10. Specifically, the Indictment alleges that on or about February 21, 2019, Mr. Moreno-Mendoza, an undocumented immigrant who had previously been deported from the United States on or about October 16, 2018, was found in the United States again. Id.
On September 11, 2007, the Department of Homeland Security ("DHS") issued Mr. Moreno-Mendoza a Notice to Appear at an immigration hearing. Resp., ECF No. 21, at Ex. A. The Notice to Appear alleged he was subject to removal from the United States for being a noncitizen present in the United States without being admitted or paroled. Id. It also stated that Mr. Moreno-Mendoza was to appear before a United States Department of Justice immigration judge at a specified address. Id. But it did not indicate the date and time of that hearing. Id. Instead, the Notice to Appear indicated that the hearing would be on a date "to be set" and a time "to be set." Id. DHS filed the Notice to Appear with the immigration court. Id. at 2.
On September 13, 2007, Mr. Moreno-Mendoza signed a Stipulated Request for Order Waiver of Hearing Pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a) ("Stipulated Request"). Id. at Ex. B. In this Stipulated Request, Mr. Moreno-Mendoza declined to apply for relief of removal accepted a written order for his removal as a final disposition, and waived appeal of the written order of removal from the United States. Id. Consequently, a Notice of Hearing was not issued and a hearing was never scheduled or held. Id. at 2. On September 20, 2007, he was removed from the United States to Mexico. Id. at Ex. D. This removal order is the underlying removal order of the instant Indictment after it was reinstated in April 2014 and October 2018. See id. at 3. Mr. Moreno-Mendoza's Motion seeks to dismiss this Indictment.
Mr. Moreno-Mendoza petitions the Court to dismiss the Indictment because the immigration court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to issue the original removal order after the Notice to Appear he received failed to include a date and time. Mot., ECF No. 18, at 1–3. Therefore, the removal was void and cannot form the basis for the current Indictment for illegal reentry as he was never "removed" as a matter of law. Id. at 1.
First, the Government argues that Mr. Moreno-Mendoza cannot meet any of the three § 1326(d) factors that a Defendant must satisfy to collaterally attack the validity of a prior removal. Resp., ECF No. 21, at 1. Second, the Government's Response takes issue with the definition of a Notice to Appear in U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1), as opposed to the regulatory definition in 8 C.F.R. § 1003.15, which does not require a date and time to be in a Notice to Appear. Id. at 5–6. Third, the Government argues that the "lawfulness or validity of a prior removal order is not an element of a § 1326 offense." Id. at 4. The Court disagrees with the Government for the following reasons.
According to a holistic analysis of the statutory and regulatory definitions of a Notice to Appear, as well as the Supreme Court's recent opinion in Pereira v. Sessions , the incomplete Notice to Appear did not vest jurisdiction, therefore Mr. Moreno-Mendoza's underlying removal was void. The Indictment for illegal re-entry should be dismissed.
The necessary components of a Notice to Appear are provided in two different places. Department of Justice regulation 8 C.F.R. § 1003.15(b) lists the information that must be included in every Notice to Appear, which does not require the Notice to Appear to specify the date and time of the noncitizen's removal hearing. But in 8 U.S.C. § 1229, Congress listed the necessary components of a Notice to Appear, including the "time and place at which the [removal] proceedings will be held." 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i). The Government argues that the regulatory requirements for a Notice to Appear should control. Resp., ECF No. 21, at 9 ().
A regulation that would give effect to a Notice to Appear that does not include the time and place of removal proceedings would be contrary to the clear and unambiguous intent of Congress. United States v. Cruz-Jimenez , No. 17-CR-00063-SS, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187870, 2018 WL 5779491, at *14 (W.D. Tex. Nov. 2, 2018) ; Order, Valladares , No. 18-CR-00156, ECF No. 44, at 10. When reviewing an agency's construction of the statute it administers, a court is Cruz-Jimenez , No. 18-CR-00063-SS, 2018 WL 5779491, at *5, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187870 at *15 (quoting Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc. , 467 U.S. 837, 842–43, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984) ). Thus, if Congress clearly and unambiguously intended for a Notice to Appear to always include time-and-place information, the regulations may not give effect to a Notice to Appear that fails to include this information.1 Cruz-Jimenez , No. 18-CR-00063-SS, 2018 WL 5779491, at *5, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187870 at *15.2
Moreover, the Government's reading of 8 C.F.R. § 1003.15(b) was expressly rejected by Pereira when the Supreme Court held that Notices to Appear must include information specifying the time and place of removal proceedings in all circumstances, not merely where the inclusion of such information was "practicable." Pereira v. Sessions , ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S. Ct. 2105, 2111–13, 201 L.Ed.2d 433 (2018) ; see also Br. for Resp't, Pereira v. Sessions , 138 S. Ct. 2105, at 49 (). Indeed, the Supreme Court in Pereira acknowledged that the BIA had previously ruled that the stop-time rule could be triggered by a Notice to Appear that did not include the date and time of the removal proceedings because, the BIA reasoned, the regulations required this information only "where practicable." Pereira , 138 S. Ct. at 2111–12 (citing Matter of Camarillo , 25 I. & N. Dec. 644 (2011) ). But because this ruling found "little support in the statute's text," id. at 2120 (Kennedy, J., concurring), the Supreme Court rejected it. The Government's position is thus directly contradicted by Pereira 's holding that, regulatory language notwithstanding, a Notice to Appear must always include the time and place of removal proceedings.
The Executive Office of Immigration Review, which encompasses immigration courts, is part of the Department of Justice. About the Office , EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW (Sept. 20, 2018, 10:37 AM), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/about-office. As such, Congress has said that the Executive Office of Immigration Review is "subject to the direction and regulation of the Attorney General," 6 U.S.C. § 521(a) (2018), including regulations promulgated by the Attorney General. 8 U.S.C. § 1103(g)(2) (2018). Current Attorney General issued regulations delimit the jurisdiction of immigration courts providing that "[j]urisdiction vests ... when a charging document is filed with the Immigration Court." 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a) (2018) (emphasis added). A "charging document" is the "written instrument which initiates a proceeding before an Immigration Judge ... includ[ing]3 a Notice to Appear." 8 C.F.R. § 1003.13 (2013) ; see also Martinez-Garcia v. Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 732, 735 (9th Cir. 2004) () (citing 8 C.F.R. § 1003.13 ).4
A Notice to Appear must include the time and date of the hearing as required by 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a) :
To continue reading
Request your trial