United States v. Russo

• Citation: 335 F.2d 299
• Decision Date: 11 September 1964
• Docket Number: No. 14488.,14488.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. William Joseph RUSSO, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

335 F.2d 299 (1964)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. William Joseph RUSSO, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 14488.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

August 6, 1964.

Rehearing Denied September 11, 1964.

Julius Lucius Echeles, Robert J. McDonnell, Chicago, Ill., for appellant.

Edward V. Hanrahan, U. S. Atty., Thomas J. Regan, Asst. U. S. Atty., Chicago, Ill., for appellee, John Peter Lulinski, John Powers Crowley, Asst. U. S. Attys., of counsel.

Before SCHNACKENBERG, KNOCH and CASTLE, Circuit Judges.

Rehearing Denied September 11, 1964, en banc.

KNOCH, Circuit Judge.

Defendant-appellant, William Joseph Russo, was indicted in two counts for violation of Title 26 U.S.C. § 7203. Count I charged that he was engaged in the business of accepting wagers and had received such wagers, but had knowingly failed to pay the special occupational tax on wagering for the taxable period ending June 30, 1964. Count II charged that defendant was engaged in the business of receiving wagers and had received such wagers but had knowingly failed to register and file a return with the District Director of Internal Revenue.

After trial, the jury found defendant guilty only of Count II. He was sentenced to serve six months and to pay a fine of $1,000. This appeal followed.

Defendant states the contested issues as follows:

1. Whether there is sufficient evidence in the record to support a guilty finding under Count II.

(a) There was no proof that the defendant was aware of the federal tax and that he "wilfully" refused to pay it.

(b) There is no proof that defendant failed to file a tax at the time when the law required him so to do.

3. Whether the jury\'s verdict in finding the defendant not guilty under Count I which charged the defendant "was engaged in the business of accepting wagers" and that he "did receive wagers on his own behalf" negated and vitiated the verdict of guilty under Count II wherein the defendant was charged with being in the business of accepting wagers and that by reason therefore he was required to register with the District of Internal Revenue and to file a return, Form 11C.

4. Whether it was a violation of the defendant\'s right to a fair trial to permit the prosecutor to produce evidence that the defendant refused to answer certain questions of the interrogating agent when the defendant was arrested.

The government asserts that defendant may not now raise the issue that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the verdict because there was no motion for acquittal at the close of all the evidence. United States v. Jones, 7 Cir., 1953, 204 F.2d 745, 748, cert. den. 346 U.S. 854, 74 S.Ct. 67, 98 L.Ed. 368. Nevertheless, the government argues that viewed, as it must be, in the light most favorable to the government, the evidence does support the conviction on Count II.

Stanley Wheeler, an Internal Revenue Agent, testified that he observed defendant, on four different days at the race track engaging in conversations with various individuals who passed currency to defendant, who then entered notations on a piece of paper.

Agent Wheeler testified further that he himself approached defendant on each of the four days prior to certain races, gave defendant money, which defendant accepted, stated that he "wanted" certain horses, variously referring to them by name or number and indicating the allocation of the money, e. g. he said "I want No. 9, Major Byrd, 3 and 3" passing over $6.00. The defendant on each occasion repeated the gist of Agent Wheeler's statement and made notations on a card or piece of paper.

Some of Agent Wheeler's evidence was corroborated by another Internal Revenue agent, Howard Pollitz, who observed defendant and Agent Wheeler on August 24, 1963, after which Agent Pollitz arrested defendant.

Defendant stresses the fact that when arrested he was asked if he had a wagering stamp and he answered "I don't know what you are talking about." He contends this showed his ignorance of the law. Later in the course of discussing instructions concerning possible contradictions in defendant's testimony, defense counsel asserted that there had been no showing that defendant had made statements inconsistent with his present testimony. The Trial Court said:

"As I recall it, the testimony of the Agent was that he didn\'t know anything about the law, isn\'t that right, the wagering tax stamp?"

Defendant argues that the government failed to prove that he knew of any obligation to pay the tax; that not knowing of its existence, he could not be guilty of wilfully refusing to comply with the law.

However, there was ample evidence that defendant was engaged in accepting wagers. Defendant testified that he was an expert on trotting races, attending almost nightly for two or three years; that he associated with bettors. He described himself as a "horse player" and a "tout" with a regular clientele of customers whom he advised and for whom he made bets at the race track. He said he knew what a "bookmaker" was and that he was not one, but instead was a tout; that he did not take bets for his or anyone else's profit.

The Trial Court's interpretation of the statement "I don't know what you are talking about" was not binding on the jury who may, with equal justification, have decided that defendant was denying, as he more clearly denied later, that he was a bookmaker or that he accepted wagers.

The jury might quite reasonably infer from the evidence here that defendant "had been in the business for so long and associated so frequently with known gamblers that he should have known of the requirement," unlike John McGonigal in United States v. McGonigal, D., Del., 1963, 214 F.Supp. 621, 622, on which defendant relies.

Marion Hope Hamilton, Assistant Chief of Records in the Chicago Office of the Internal Revenue Service, supervising maintenance of files and federal tax returns, testified that the "Special Tax Return and Application for Registering" (form 11C) was kept under her control and supervision.

Defendant was arrested August 24, 1963, on the basis of activities observed on that day and on the few days preceding. The indictment was returned by the August, 1963, Grand Jury, and trial began October 31, 1963.

Miss Hamilton testified, on October 31, 1963, that, at the request of the United States Attorney's office, she conducted a search of the files for returns of form 11C under the names of William Joseph Russo or William J. Russo, for the tax year ending June 30, 1964, on October 28 and October 29, and was unable to find one. Because she did not state the year in which she made her search, defendant contends that we may not assume that she made it in 1963, because, for all we know to the contrary, she may have made it in 1962. Defendant argues that there was no proof he failed to file a tax form within the period prescribed by law.

The jury was instructed that the return must be filed to cover the period beginning with the first day of the calendar month in which one engages or expects to engage in a business making him liable for the tax and ending with the following June 30th. Viewing Miss Hamilton's testimony in context, we conclude that the government sustained its burden on this point.

Defendant also contends that the jury could not have found him guilty under Count II, having already found him not guilty under Count I. Consistency in verdicts on the several counts of an indictment is not essential. Each count is viewed as a separate indictment. Dunn v. United States, 1932, 284 U.S. 390, 393, 52 S.Ct. 189, 76 L.Ed. 356, and cases there cited. A verdict of acquittal on one count does not invalidate a verdict of guilty on another count, even where the same evidence is offered in support of each count. United States v. Bazzell, 7 Cir., 1951, 187 F.2d 878, 884, cert. den. 342 U.S. 849, 72 S.Ct. 73, 96 L.Ed. 641, and cases there cited.

Defendant's failure to renew at the close of his own evidence, the motion for judgment of acquittal he made at the close of the government's evidence, operated as a waiver of the earlier motion. The sufficiency of the evidence to take the case to the jury is not open for review. Clark v. United States, 5 Cir., 1961, 293 F.2d 445, 448; United States v. George, 6 Cir., 1963, 319 F.2d 77, 79. In any event, we must conclude from our view of the record that the evidence here did support the conviction on Count II.

When Agent Pollitz testified that after arresting defendant he advised defendant of his constitutional privilege to remain silent, the prosecutor asked, "What next, if anything, did you do?" Agent Pollitz answered, "I then asked him questions which he refused to answer." The defense objection that this was "highly improper" was overruled. Defendant argues that the prosecutor must have known what the answer would be and improperly elicited it.

The prosecutor had been presenting a chronological account of Agent Pollitz's actions by repeatedly asking what, if anything, had been done next. In most instances Agent Pollitz answered with a...