Visor v. Sprint/United Management Co.

• Decision Date: 21 May 1997
• Docket Number: Civil Action No. 96-K-1730.
• Citation: 965 F.Supp. 31
• Parties: Brenda VISOR, Doris Farrar, Naomi Easler, Robert Williams, and Olivette Cooper, Plaintiffs, v. SPRINT/UNITED MANAGEMENT COMPANY, Defendant.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Colorado

965 F.Supp. 31

Brenda VISOR, Doris Farrar, Naomi Easler, Robert Williams, and Olivette Cooper, Plaintiffs, v. SPRINT/UNITED MANAGEMENT COMPANY, Defendant.

Civil Action No. 96-K-1730.

United States District Court, D. Colorado.

May 21, 1997.

Paula Greisen, David Miller, Miller, Lane & Killmer, L.L.P., Denver, CO, for Plaintiffs.

Janet A. Savage, Davis, Graham & Stubbs, L.L.P., Denver, CO, for Defendant.

ORDER

KANE, Senior District Judge.

This employment discrimination action is before me on the motion of Defendant Sprint/United Management Company ("Sprint") to dismiss Plaintiffs' state law claims for breach of contract, promissory estoppel and outrageous conduct, as well as the claims of Plaintiffs Farrar and Williams for Title VII retaliation. I grant the motion to dismiss the claim for outrageous conduct, but deny the motion in all other respects.

Sprint offers three arguments in support of its Motion to Dismiss. First, Sprint argues Plaintiffs' state law claims are subsumed or preempted by Title VII because they are based upon the same facts. The only published decision in this circuit that supports Sprint's position is Price v. Public Serv. Co. of Colorado, 850 F.Supp. 934, 951 (D.Colo.1994), judgment rev'd on other grounds, 89 F.3d 851 (10th Cir.1996) (unpublished disposition). Price, in turn, relies on an unpublished decision in Cook v. Rocky Mountain Bark Note Co., 91-F-1505 (Finesilver, J.), which purports to adopt the holding in Stewart v. Thomas, 538 F.Supp. 891 (D.D.C. 1982).

In Stewart, the district court ruled that the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim of plaintiff, who was a federal employee, was "subsumed" by her Title VII claim to the extent they were based on the same factual allegations. 538 F.Supp. at 896. The district court said nothing, however, about private employees suing under Title VII.

The Stewart "subsumption" doctrine applies exclusively to tort claims filed in conjunction with a Title VII claim by federal employees. Richard v. Bell Atlantic Corp., 946 F.Supp. 54, 76 (D.D.C.1996). As the court in Richard explained, the Stewart case applied Brown v. General Serv. Admin., 425 U.S. 820, 835, 96 S.Ct. 1961, 1969, 48 L.Ed.2d 402 (1976), which states that Title VII provides the "exclusive judicial remedy for claims of discrimination in federal employment." The court further explained that

[t]he Supreme Court's decisions in Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 95 S.Ct. 1716, 44 L.Ed.2d 295 (1975) and in Brown demonstrate that the holding in Stewart cannot extend to private-sector employees suing under Title VII. In Johnson, the Supreme Court noted [that] [d]espite Title VII's range and its design as a comprehensive solution for the problem of invidious discrimination in employment, the aggrieved individual clearly is not deprived of other remedies he possesses and is not limited to Title VII in his search for relief. `[T]he legislative history of Title VII manifests a congressional intent to allow an individual to pursue independently his rights under both Title VII and other applicable state and federal statutes.'

Richard, 946 F.Supp. at 76. The Plaintiffs in the instant action are not federal employees and the subsumption doctrine applied in Stewart and "adopted" by Judge Sparr in Price has no bearing on their state claims.

This is not to say, however, that all of Plaintiffs' state law claims will necessarily survive Defendant's Motion to Dismiss.

Sprint's second argument is that Plaintiffs' Sixth Claim for Relief for outrageous conduct is preempted by the Colorado Workers' Compensation Act. I do not reach the argument because I find the claim dismissible for the reasons set forth in Gard v. Teletronics Pacing Sys., Inc., 859 F.Supp. 1349, 1354 (D.Colo.1994).

Plaintiffs support their Sixth Claim for Relief for outrageous conduct by "incorporat[ing]", by reference the allegations supporting their employment claims (see Am. Compl. ¶ 52) and then adding that "Defendant's course of conduct as described in this [Amended] Complaint was extreme and outrageous" and "done with the intent of causing the Plaintiffs severe emotional distress." (Id., ¶¶ 53-54). These allegations are insufficient to support an independent claim for outrageous conduct under Colorado law.

The test for outrageous conduct in Colorado is set forth in Rugg v. McCarty, 173 Colo. 170, 476 P.2d 753 (1970). "One who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress to another is subject to liability for such emotional distress, and if bodily harm to the other results from it, for such bodily harm." Id. at 756, (adopting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 (1965)). The tort contemplates an extreme level of independently ascertainable misconduct from which the "ineluctable conclusion" is the calculated or reckless infliction of severe mental suffering. Gard v. Teletronics Pacing Sys., Inc., 859 F.Supp. 1349, 1354 (D.Colo.1994) (applying Colorado law) It is not meant to be an "incantation to augment damages" in an employment discrimination or any other state or federal tort action. Id.

Where the allegations forming the basis of a claim for outrageous conduct are the same as those forming the basis for a claim of discrimination, and nothing more, they fail to state...