Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 6910DC479
| Decision Date | 22 October 1969 |
| Docket Number | No. 6910DC479,6910DC479 |
| Court | North Carolina Court of Appeals |
| Parties | WACHOVIA BANK & TRUST COMPANY, Administrator, C.T.A. of the Estate of Herbert Gillespie Barnes, Deceased v. WESTCHESTER FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY. |
Dupree, Weaver, Horton, Cockman & Alvis, by F. T. Dupree, Jr., and John E. Aldridge, Jr., Raleigh, for plaintiff-appellant.
Young, Moore & Henderson, by B. T. Henderson, II, and John C. B. Regan, III, Raleigh, for defendant-appellee.
This is a case of first impression in North Carolina.
Insurance policies should be given reasonable interpretation, and if they are not ambiguous, they should be construed according to their terms and the ordinary and plain meaning of their language. Williams v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 269 N.C. 235, 152 S.E.2d 102 (1966); Williams v. Pyramid Life Insurance Co., 2 N.C.App. 520, 163 S.E.2d 400 (1968); Clemmons v. Glens Falls Insurance Co., 2 N.C.App. 479, 163 S.E.2d 425 (1968). A policy should be construed as a whole so as to give a consistent meaning to all its terms. Stanback v. Winston Mutual Life Insurance Co., 220 N.C. 494, 17 S.E.2d 666 (1941). The meaning of the policy should be found by reference to the provisions of the contract with the intention of the parties being the controlling guide. White v. Mote, 270 N.C. 544, 155 S.E.2d 75 (1967); Kirk v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 254 N.C. 651, 119 S.E.2d 645 (1961). If there is ambiguity in the insurance contract, it should be construed strictly against the writer of the policy, that is, the insurer, and in favor of increased coverage for the insured. Jamestown Mutual Insurance Co. v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 266 N.C. 430, 146 S.E.2d 410 (1965).
While these general principles could guide us in the instant case in the absence of North Carolina cases in point, a study of the decisions of other jurisdictions on the question in issue here is very instructive. In Sullivan v. Royal Exchange Assurance, 181 Cal.App.2d 644, 5 Cal.Rptr. 878 (1960), the California District Court of Appeals held that the $2,000 limitation provision in that particular policy was controlling. The insured had two automobiles and had paid a premium on each. The limitation in the policy was for $2,000. A child of the insured was struck by another automobile, which automobile did not belong to the insured. An effort was made to recover $4,000, that is, $2,000 for each automobile covered in the policy. The California Appeals Court held that the limitation provision in the medical payment portion prevailed over the general condition. The California court noted cases which had held that a maximum limitation of liability in the liability portion of the policy prevented pyramiding of liability coverage and thus by analogy reasoned that the medical payment provision could not be pyramided.
Only one other jurisdiction has followed the California case. The Louisiana court in Guillory v. Grain Dealers Mutual Insurance Co., 203 So.2d 762 (La.App.1967) () considered a policy with the exact wording of the policy in the instant case. The insured owned two automobiles and both were covered under the policy, and a separate premium had been paid for each. The policy provided for $500 medical payment. He was riding in one of these automobiles when it was involved in a collision with a third automobile. The insured incurred medical expenses of approximately $870.00. The claim for this amount was paid up to the asserted limit of coverage for injuries to one person while riding in an 'owned' automobile, that is, $500.00. The additional amount of $370.00 was then sued for on the theory that the premium paid for the other vehicle owned by the insured and covered under the policy provided an additional coverage of $500.00 per person for medical expenses--even though the second car was not occupied by the insured at the time of the accident. The court denied recovery for the additional $370.00. Shortly after this decision the same Louisiana court was confronted with a similar case in Odom v. American Insurance Co., 213 So.2d 359 (La.App.1968) (Reh. den., August 20, 1968; writ refused by a divided court, 252 La. 955, 251 So.2d 127 (1968). In the Odom case, however, the composition of the court had changed. Judge Tate was the new member of the court. He wrote a separate concurring opinion in which he stated that he concurred with reluctance simply because of the recent decision in the Guillory case. Judge Tate further stated:
The Supreme Court of Louisiana does not appear to have written any opinion on the matter. In the light of the well reasoned concurring opinion of Judge Tate, considerable doubt is cast upon the validity of the Louisiana position.
All other jurisdictions that have encountered this proposition have construed the policy so as to afford pyramided limits. Actually the limits are not pyramided, but the more exact expression is that each vehicle has a separate policy and a recovery is made for each policy.
In Government Employees Insurance Company v. Sweet, 186 So.2d 95, 21 A.L.R.3d 895 (Fla.App.1966) (Reh. den., May 27, 1966), decided by the Florida District Court of Appeals for the Fourth District, the insurance company issued its policy covering two vehicles, a Chevrolet and a Ford. Under the medical payment provision a separate premium was charged for each vehicle, and the limit of liability was $3,000 for each person. The insured was riding in one of the automobiles when involved in an accident. The insurance company took the position that since the injuries were incurred while the insured was occupying one of the two automobiles there was coverage only under that part of the policy applying to the automobile in which the insured was riding. The court, however, refused to follow that theory, and stated that the medical payment provisions of the policy are closely akin to a personal accident policy and that recovery is completely independent of liability on the part of the insured. The court then treated each policy as a separate policy for each automobile and found that the limit of liability for medical payments for each automobile was $3,000. The court went on to find that the terms of the policy were hopelessly irreconcilable, and, therefore, the court adopted the construction which provided the greater coverage. The court refused to follow the California decision in the Sullivan case and pointed out that other jurisdictions had likewise refused to follow the California cause. The Florida court relied upon Kansas City Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. Epperson, 234 Ark. 1100, 356 S.W.2d 613 (1962); Central Surety & Insurance Corporation v. Elder, 204 Va. 192, 129 S.E.2d 651 (1963); and Southwestern Fire and Casualty Company v. Atkins, 346 S.W.2d 892 (Tex.Civ.App.1961).
The Texas Court of Civil Appeals again considered the construction of a medical payments provision in an automobile insurance policy in the case of Cockrum v. Travelers Indemnity Company, 420 S.W.2d 230, (Tex.Civ.App.1967). In this case the policy involved was the new form policy similar to the policy in the instant case. The insured owned three automobiles, and the medical payment provision applied to only one of the three automobiles (a Cadillac). The daughter of the insured was riding in one of the automobiles (a Pontiac) which was not covered by the medical payment provision. The daughter was killed as a result of a head-on collision with another vehicle. The insured sought to recover under the medical payment provision on the Cadillac which was not involved in the accident. The court held that the daughter had been struck by another automobile even though she did not come in direct physical contract with the striking vehicle. The court further pointed out that the coverage under the medical payment provision as set out in subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c) were not mutually exclusive, but were overlapping in their terms. The Texas court stated:
'* * * The insurance company is bound by the clearly expressed terms and provisions contained in such contract. While it did not collect a premium on the Pontiac automobile yet it did collect a premium for medical payment coverage on the Cadillac automobile which policy extended benefits to the insured, and his family, while being injured as a result of an accident 'through being struck by an automobile.''
Other cases sustaining a recovery are:
Hale v. Allstate Insurance Co., 162 Tex. 65, 344 S.W.2d 430 (1961);
Travelers Indemnity Company v. Watson, 111 Ga.App. 98, 140 S.E.2d 505 (1965);
Lavin v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co., 193 Kan. 22, 391 P.2d 992 (1964); and
Bates v. United Security Insurance Company, Iowa, 163 N.W.2d 390 (1968).
The views of the majority jurisdictions likewise find approval with...
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