Wahl v. Lothiam, 01 CV 6439(VM).
| Decision Date | 18 December 2002 |
| Docket Number | No. 01 CV 6439(VM).,01 CV 6439(VM). |
| Citation | 235 F.Supp.2d 334 |
| Parties | David C. WAHL, Plaintiff, v. Clive LOTHIAM, Judith H. Gold and Toyota Motor Credit Corporation, Defendants. |
| Court | U.S. District Court — Southern District of New York |
Georgia S. Alikakos, London, Fischer, L.L.P., New York City, for Defendants.
DECISION AND ORDER
Plaintiff David Wahl ("Wahl") brought this action against defendants Clive Lothiam ("Lothiam"), Judith Gold ("Gold") and Toyota Motor Credit Corporation ("Toyota," and together with Lothiam and Gold, the "Defendants") alleging personal injuries arising out of an automobile accident that occurred on March 8, 1998 involving Wahl, Lothiam, Gold and a car driven by Gold and owned by Toyota. Wahl claims that as a result of the accident, which he contends occurred due to the negligence of the various Defendants without any fault of his own, he sustained "serious injuries" as such term is defined by § 5102(d) of New York State's Insurance Law ("NYIL"). Following the close of discovery, each of the Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. For the reasons described below, all of the motions are DENIED.
I. DISCUSSION
A motion for summary judgment may be granted only if the court concludes on the basis of the record before it that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is therefore entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R.Civ.P. 56; Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The role of the Court is to determine whether there are any genuine issues of material fact to be tried, not to decide them (see Gallo v. Prudential Residential Servs., Ltd. P'ship, 22 F.3d 1219, 1224 (2d Cir.1994)), while resolving ambiguities and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
In a situation like the one at bar involving allegations of personal injuries sustained in an automobile accident, the moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue as to the existence of a "serious injury," Madden v. Lee, 2002 WL 31398951, at *4 (S.D.N.Y.2002), and is required to identify those portions of the "pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, [that] show that there is no genuine issue as to" the existence of such an injury. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). In response, the party opposing the motion must demonstrate through admissible evidence that an issue of fact exists as to whether he suffered a "serious injury" by reason of the car accident. See Madden, 2002 WL 31398951, at *4. He must do this by going "beyond the pleadings and by [his] own affidavits, or by the `depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,' designate `specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.'" Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)).
Because this action is based on diversity jurisdiction, the applicable substantive law is that of the State of New York. See, e.g., Lee v. Bankers Trust Co., 166 F.3d 540, 545 (2d Cir.1999). New York's "no-fault" insurance law places limits on any recovery by a person involved in an automobile accident. The governing statute states:
Notwithstanding any other law, in any action by or on behalf of a covered person against another covered person for personal injuries arising out of negligence in the use or operation of a motor vehicle in this state, there shall be no right of recovery for non-economic loss, except in the case of a serious injury, or for basic economic loss.
Enacted nearly thirty years ago, the "no-fault" law was designed to provide automobile accident victims with "prompt uncontested statutorily assured payment of `first party benefits' [such as reimbursement for medical expenses and loss of income] ... for basic economic loss without the necessity of recourse to the courts." Medical Society of the State of New York v. Levin, 185 Misc.2d 536, 712 N.Y.S.2d 745, 747 (N.Y.Sup.Ct.2000). In exchange, victims lost their common law right to sue for damages for personal injuries unless they could prove a serious injury, as defined by the statute. The law was intended to remove the vast majority of claims arising from vehicular accidents from the sphere of common-law tort litigation, and to establish a quick, sure, and efficient system for obtaining compensation for economic loss suffered as a result of such accidents. See Walton v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 88 N.Y.2d 211, 644 N.Y.S.2d 133, 135, 666 N.E.2d 1046 (1996).
The Court begins its analysis by recognizing that in a personal injury action arising out of a motor vehicle accident, New York courts have required plaintiffs to demonstrate a serious injury in order to recover damages. See Licari v. Elliott, 57 N.Y.2d 230, 455 N.Y.S.2d 570, 573, 441 N.E.2d 1088 (1982). A serious injury under this statute is defined as:
[A] personal injury which results in death; dismemberment; significant disfigurement; a fracture; loss of a fetus; permanent loss of use of a body organ, member, function or system; permanent consequential limitation of use of a body organ or member; significant limitation of use of a body function or system; or a medically determined injury or impairment of a non-permanent nature which prevents the injured person from performing substantially all of the material acts which constitute such person's usual and customary daily activities for not less than ninety days during the one hundred eighty days immediately following the occurrence of the injury or impairment.
To establish that a serious injury has occurred, a plaintiff must present "competent medical evidence based upon objective medical findings and diagnostic tests." Eisen v. Walter & Samuels, 215 A.D.2d 149, 626 N.Y.S.2d 109, 109 (1995). Here, both sides appear to concede that the physical injuries sustained by Wahl in the accident would not qualify as serious within the meaning of NYIL § 5102(d).1 The dispute before the Court relates to the parties' divergence over whether psychological effects arising from an automobile accident may qualify, if severe enough, as a serious injury within the meaning of the no-fault statute. On this point, New York courts have recognized that an emotional injury, causally related to an automobile accident, can constitute a serious injury sufficient to support a cause of action to recover damages for noneconomic loss.2 See Chapman v. Capoccia, 283 A.D.2d 798, 725 N.Y.S.2d 430, 432 (2001); Sellitto v. Casey, 268 A.D.2d 753, 702 N.Y.S.2d 177, 180 (2000); Quaglio v. Tomaselli, 99 A.D.2d 487, 470 N.Y.S.2d 427, 429 (1984). In addition, two district courts in the Second Circuit have held that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ("PTSD") or clinical depression falls within the definition of a serious injury under NYIL § 5102(d). See Kane v. United States of America, 189 F.Supp.2d 40, 52 n. 6 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (); Thomas v. National Car Rental Systems Inc., 1988 WL 28097, at *2 (E.D.N.Y.1988) (). Thus, the record in the instant case must be examined to determine whether "competent medical evidence" exists which supports "objective medical findings", see Eisen, 626 N.Y.S.2d at 109, that Wahl suffered some type of serious psychological injury from the automobile accident here at issue.
The record in the instant case contains the written affirmations of six different medical specialists. Wahl submitted affirmations from three different psychiatrists, two of whom were assigned by Wahl's auto insurance carrier to examine Wahl pursuant to the "no fault/PIP" provisions of his insurance policy. The first psychiatrist, Dr. Lawrence Schaefer, conducted an Independent Medical Examination of Wahl on August 11, 1998, in which he diagnosed Wahl with PTSD and concluded that Wahl's "symptoms are wholly and causally related to the motor vehicle accident...." (Attached as Exhibit F to Affirmation of Steven Marchelos, dated September 7, 2002 ("Marchelos Aff.").) The second psychiatrist, Dr. Kenneth Rubin, also performed an independent psychiatric examination of Wahl at the request of Wahl's insurance carrier on two different dates, October 18, 1999 and September 26, 2000. His diagnosis was that Wahl had Adjustment Disorder with Depression, Panic Attacks without Agoraphobia, and PTSD, but that only the latter two disorders were solely related to the accident. Dr. Rubin also concluded that all three psychiatric problems were resolved or improving. (Marchelos Aff. Ex. F.)
The third psychiatrist, Dr. Robert Goldstein, examined Wahl on February 5, 2002, and reported his findings and conclusions in a Psychiatric Report dated February 12, 2002, with an update submitted on August 19, 2002. In his report, Dr. Goldstein diagnosed Wahl as suffering from both PTSD and Panic Disorder, and concluded that Wahl's psychiatric condition was permanent and irreversible. Dr. Goldstein further concluded that Wahl's PTSD was caused by the accident, while his Panic Disorder was greatly exacerbated by the accident. (Marchelos Aff. Ex. I.)
On Defendants' side, the three medical professionals consisted of a psychologist, a neurologist, and an orthopedist. While neither the neurologist nor the orthopedist found any significant injuries, (Attached as Exhibits C and E to Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Clive Lothiam, dated July 9, 2002 ("Lothiam Mot.")), Dr. Michael Rosenfeld, the psychologist, concluded that Wahl had suffered from PTSD, which was causally related to the accident. However, Dr. Rosenfeld found the condition resolving and concluded that, from a psychological viewpoint, Wahl had no...
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