Washburn v. Klara

• Decision Date: 19 April 2002
• Docket Number: Record No. 011034.
• Court: Virginia Supreme Court
• Parties: Janice WASHBURN v. Peter KLARA, M.D., et al.

561 S.E.2d 682

263 Va. 586

Janice WASHBURN v. Peter KLARA, M.D., et al.

Record No. 011034.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

April 19, 2002.

Judith M. Cofield, Virginia Beach, for appellant.

Jason R. Davis, Norfolk; Charles M. Allen (R. Barrow Blackwell, Norfolk; Michael D. Hancock, Mechanicsville; Kaufman & Canoles; Goodman, Allen & Filetti, on briefs), for appellees.

Present: All the Justices.

KINSER, Justice.

In this claim of battery, the issue is whether the evidence raises a reasonable inference that the defendant surgeon intentionally performed a surgical procedure exceeding the scope of the plaintiff's consent. Because we conclude that the plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to create a factual dispute on this issue, which a jury must resolve, we will reverse the circuit court's judgment striking the plaintiffs evidence and remand the case for a new trial.

FACTS AND MATERIAL PROCEEDINGS

In September 1997, Britt M. Borden, M.D., performed a surgical procedure known as an anterior cervical diskectomy on Janice L. Washburn. At the time of the operation, Dr. Borden was training in a fellowship program at Eastern Virginia Medical School, with Peter Klara, M.D., acting as Dr. Borden's supervising faculty member. The surgery took place at the Virginia Beach General Hospital (the Hospital).

Dr. Borden had diagnosed Washburn with C6-7 pseudoarthrosis¹ after a bone scan revealed dense scar tissue at the C6-7 level of her spine. That scar tissue resulted from a previous surgical fusion that Washburn had undergone in 1994. To relieve pain in Washburn's neck and left arm, Dr. Borden recommended the anterior cervical diskectomy procedure. He described the procedure as "removing the bone and fibrous tissue that are in the area of the old fusion that didn't take and replacing it with another graft, and then placing a plate on the spine to hold it together while it heals." Dr. Klara agreed that Washburn was likely to benefit from the surgery.

Prior to surgery, Washburn executed a written consent form. The form specified authorization for a "C67 Anterior Cervical Diskectomy" and described the operation in layman's terms as "remove bone & fibrous tissue and replace graft[.]" The consent form also authorized "the performance of such operation(s) and procedure(s) in addition to or different from those now contemplated... which the ... physician ... consider[s] necessary or advisable in the exercise of his[] professional [judgment] in accordance with reasonable medical standards."

Because the surgery allegedly caused Washburn to suffer "permanent laryngeal and/or recurrent nerve damage," Washburn filed the present action against Drs. Borden and Klara, Peter Klara, M.D., P.C., and the Hospital.² Washburn asserted theories of recovery based upon medical malpractice, emotional distress, battery, lack of informed consent, fraud, and receiving money under false pretenses. Prior to trial, the circuit court sustained demurrers to Washburn's claims of emotional distress and receiving money under false pretenses.³ During the trial, Washburn voluntarily dismissed her claim of medical malpractice and presented evidence to the jury only with regard to the remaining counts.

As pertinent to the issue in this appeal, Dr. Borden testified at trial that he performed the surgery at the C6-7 level, as specified in Washburn's written consent. He denied that he operated, either intentionally or unintentionally, at the C7-T1 level of Washburn's spine. However, post-operative radiology reports indicated evidence of a fusion at the C7-T1 level, in addition to a fusion at the C6-7 level. One of the radiology readings admitted into evidence by Washburn stated that a "screw is projecting over the inferior aspect of the T1 vertebral body." Although Dr. Borden acknowledged that Washburn's cervical fusion in 1994 did not involve the use of any hardware and that he was the first person to place any screws and plates in Washburn's spine, he maintained that he did not operate at the C7-T1 level, Dr. Borden also stated that there was no medical reason to operate at the C7-T1 level.

At the close of Washburn's case-in-chief, the circuit court granted the defendants' motion to strike the evidence, specifically finding, as pertinent to the claim of battery, that there was no evidence that the surgery exceeded the scope of Washburn's consent. The court subsequently entered a final order granting judgment for the defendants. We awarded Washburn this appeal, limited solely to the issue whether the circuit court erred in striking the evidence with regard to the count alleging battery.⁴

ANALYSIS

We have stated that

[w]hen the sufficiency of a plaintiffs evidence is challenged upon a motion to strike the evidence at the conclusion of the plaintiffs case-in-chief, the trial court should in every case overrule the motion where there is any doubt on the question.

Rizzo v. Schiller, 248 Va. 155, 159-60, 445 S.E.2d 153, 156 (1994) (quoting Brown v. Koulizakis, 229 Va. 524, 531, 331 S.E.2d 440, 445 (1985) (citation omitted)). The trial court must also "give the plaintiff the benefit of all substantial conflict in the evidence, and all fair inferences that may be drawn therefrom.'" Hadeed v. Medic-24, Ltd., 237 Va. 277, 285-86, 377 S.E.2d 589, 593 (1989) (quoting Walton v. Walton, 168 Va. 418, 423, 191 S.E. 768, 770 (1937)); see also Powell v. Margileth, 259 Va. 244, 246, 524 S.E.2d 434, 435 (2000)

. Applying these principles, we conclude that the evidence in this case, when viewed in the light most favorable to Washburn, is open to the reasonable inference that Dr. Borden performed a cervical diskectomy at two levels of Washburn's spine, thereby exceeding the scope of her consent. Thus, we find that the circuit court erred by striking Washburn's evidence with regard to the claim of battery.

This Court has recognized that the physician-patient relationship is a consensual one. See, e.g., Pugsley v. Privette, 220 Va. 892, 899, 263 S.E.2d 69, 74 (1980)

; Lyons v. Grether, 218 Va. 630, 633, 239 S.E.2d 103, 105 (1977). Thus, unless an emergency or unanticipated problem arises, a physician or surgeon must first obtain the consent of a patient before treating or operating on that patient. See 61 Am.Jur.2d Physicians, Surgeons, and Other Healers § 175 (1981). "An unauthorized operation is a wrongful and unlawful act for which the surgeon will be liable in damages." Pugsley, 220 Va. at 899,

263 S.E.2d at 74.

A written consent, such as the one executed by Washburn, "does not constitute consent to an operation other than the one to be performed when there is no evidence that a necessity arose during the authorized operation." Lloyd v. Kull, 329 F.2d 168, 170 (7th Cir.1964). Consequently, in the absence of such necessity, an operation without consent or the extension of an operation beyond the scope of the patient's consent constitutes what is sometimes referred to as a "`technical' assault and battery." See Lane v. United States, 225 F.Supp. 850, 852 (E.D.Va. 1964)

; Hively v. Higgs, 120 Or. 588, 253 P. 363, 365 (1927); Nolan v. Kechijian, 75 R.I. 165, 64 A.2d 866, 868 (1949). We discussed this form of "technical" battery in Pugsley, where we stated that "[i]t is well established that, given the proper factual conditions and circumstances, a patient can maintain against a physician an action based on assault and battery for acts arising out of the physician's professional conduct" and that "'[a] surgical operation on the body of a person is a technical battery or trespass unless he or some authorized person consented to it.'" Pugsley, 220 Va. at 899,

263 S.E.2d at 74 (quoting what is now 61 Am.Jur.2d Physicians, Surgeons, and Other Healers § 197 (1981)).

Later, in Woodbury v. Courtney, 239 Va. 651, 391 S.E.2d 293 (1990), we again addressed the tort of battery in the context of medical malpractice. In Woodbury, a patient gave her consent for a breast biopsy. When the surgeon performed a partial mastectomy, the patient brought an action against the surgeon, alleging, among other things, battery. In...