Western Union Telegraph Co v. Priester

• Citation: 48 S.Ct. 234,72 L.Ed. 555,276 U.S. 252
• Decision Date: 20 February 1928
• Docket Number: 189,Nos. 183,s. 183
• Parties: WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO. v. PRIESTER (two cases)
• Court: United States Supreme Court

276 U.S. 252

48 S.Ct. 234

72 L.Ed. 555

WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO.

v PRIESTER (two cases).

Nos. 183, 189.

Argued Jan. 17, 1928.

Decided Feb. 20, 1928.

Mr. Francis Raymond Stark, of New York City, for petitioner.

[Argument of Counsel from page 253 intentionally omitted] Mr. D. M. Powell, of Greenville, Ala., for respondent.

[Argument of Counsel from pages 254-255 intentionally omitted] Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

Respondent delivered to petitioner a message for transmission over its telegraph lines from a point in Alabama to a point in Louisiana by which respondent offered to sell to the addressee a quantity of pecans at fifty cents per pound. In the message as transmitted the word 'fifteen' was substituted for the word 'fifty.' Respondent, who in consequence of the error suffered damage in the sum of $352.10, brought suit in the circuit court of Butler county, Alabama, to recover for petitioner's negligence in failing to transmit the message as given. The company pleaded that (a) as the message was not a repeated message its liability was limited to the amount received for sending it, by the terms of the tariffs and classifications filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission under Act of June 18, 1910, c. 309, § 7, amending Interstate Commerce Act, § 1 (49 USCA § 1; Comp. St. § 8563); and (b) as the message was not sent as a specially valued message the liability of the company was limited to $50 by the filed tariffs and classifications. Relevant parts of the tariff are printed in the margin.¹

The demurrers to the pleas were overruled and judgment given for the defendant, the petitioner here, which was reversed by the state Court of Appeals, 18 Ala. App. 532, 93 So. 231, on the authority of Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Esteve Bros. & Co., 256 U. S. 566, 41 S. Ct. 584, 65 L. Ed. 1094. Upon an amended complaint charging gross negligence a trial was had resulting in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff for nominal damages, which was affirmed by the Court of Appeals on the ground that the evidence did not establish gross negligence and that the trial court had rightly withdrawn that question from the jury. 20 Ala. App. 388, 102 So. 372. The Supreme Court of Alabama reversed the judgment of the Court of Appeals, ruling that although the filed tariff was a bar to the recovery of damages resulting from negligence, as decided in the Esteve Case, it did not preclude a recovery for gross negligence and that on the evidence the jury should have been allowed to say whether the negli- gence of the defendant was gross. Ex parte Priester, 212 Ala. 271, 102 So. 376. On a retrial, judgment was again given for the plaintiff for the full amount demanded. This was affirmed by the Court of Appeals which, following the previous opinion of the state Supreme Court, held that the tariff was not a defense to an action for damages resulting from gross negligence. 21 Ala. App. 587, 111 So. 199. The state Supreme Court denied certiorari, 215 Ala. 435, 111 So. 200. This court granted certiorari. Judicial Code, 237, subd. b (28 USCA § 344); 274 U. S. 727, 47 S. Ct. 574, 576, 71 L. Ed. 1315.

Through abundance of caution petitioner filed separate petitions here, which were granted, asking that writs of certiorari be directed respectively to the Court of Appeals and to the Supreme Court. But as the Supreme Court of Alabama, by denying the petition for certiorari, on the face of the record did not pass on the merits, the writ of this court in No. 183 was properly directed to the Court of Appeals, and that in No. 189 is dismissed. Norfolk Turnpike Co. v. Virginia, 225 U. S. 264, 269, 32 S. Ct. 828, 56 L. Ed. 1082; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Crovo, 220 U. S. 364, 31 S. Ct. 399, 55 L. Ed. 498; compare Matthews v. Huwe, 269 U. S. 262, 46 S. Ct. 108, 70 L. Ed. 266.

In Primrose v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 154 U. S. 1, 14 S. Ct. 1098, 38 L. Ed. 883, relied upon by the Supreme Court of Alabama in the earlier appeal as supporting its distinction between ordinary negligence and gross negligence, a contract between the telegraph company and its patron, limiting the liability of the company if the message was not repeated, was upheld as a defense to an action seeking recovery for the negligent transmission of the message. Although it is suggested in the opinion (pages 17-19 (14 S. Ct. 1098)) that as a matter of public policy the company would not have been permitted to stipulate away its liability for gross negligence, the distinction was neither involved in the case nor applied by the court, nor has it been so applied. See Phildelphia & Reading R. R. v. Derby, 14 How. 468, 485, 486, 14 L. Ed. 502; Steamboat New World v. King, 16 How. 469, 474, 14 L. Ed. 1019; Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. v. Arms, 91 U. S. 489, 493-495, 23 L. Ed. 374.

Since the decision in the Primrose Case the telegraph companies have been brought under the provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act and their tariffs for all interstate service made subject to the approval of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Interstate Commerce Act, § 1, as amended by Act of June 18, 1910, c. 309, § 7, 36 Stat. 539 (49 USCA § 1; Comp. St. § 8563). By section 1 of the Interstate Commerce Act it is provided that subject to the approval of the Commission messages received by telegraph companies for transmission may be classified into 'repeated, unrepeated * * * and such other classes as are just and reasonable, and different rates may be charged for the different classes of messages.' The established rates for unrepeated messages thus became the lawful rates and the attendant limitation of liability became the lawful condition upon which messages...