Wilson v. Harris Trust & Sav. Bank
Decision Date | 24 October 1985 |
Docket Number | No. 85-1352,85-1352 |
Citation | 777 F.2d 1246 |
Parties | 121 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2241, Bankr. L. Rep. P 70,868, 1 Indiv.Empl.Rts.Cas. 1759 Olita D. WILSON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. HARRIS TRUST & SAVINGS BANK, Defendant-Appellee. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit |
Russel V. Sutton, Sutton & Gunn, Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellant.
Bruce R. Alper, Vedder, Price, Kaufman & Kammholz, Chicago, Ill., for defendant-appellee.
Before CUMMINGS, Chief Circuit Judge, and WOOD and CUDAHY, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff-appellant, Olita Wilson, brought this action against her former employer, Harris Trust and Savings Bank, seeking an injunction, back pay, and reinstatement in connection with the termination of her employment allegedly in violation of Sec. 525 of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. Sec. 525. The district court, affirming the bankruptcy court's decision, held that Sec. 525 did not apply to the defendant, a private employer. Wilson appeals. We affirm.
In December 1981, Wilson filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. Sec. 701, et seq. At the time of the petition, Wilson was employed by the defendant, Harris Trust and Savings Bank ("The Bank"). Wilson was also indebted to the Bank in the amount of $2,707.23.
In January 1982, Wilson filed a complaint alleging that as a direct result of her filing for bankruptcy the defendant laid her off without pay and threatened to terminate her. She was subsequently terminated (the record does not disclose when). Wilson claimed that the defendant's actions were in violation of 11 U.S.C. Sec. 362(a)(3) and (a)(6). She argued that the termination was an attempt to force her out of bankruptcy so the Bank could collect the debts owed it by Wilson. She also asserted a claim under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 525.
The defendant moved to dismiss on the ground that the complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The bankruptcy judge granted the motion and dismissed the case without prejudice. On appeal, the district court affirmed in part and reversed in part, holding that Wilson did have a cause of action under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 362(a), but did not have a cause of action under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 525. The case was remanded to the bankruptcy court.
Wilson then withdrew her claim with respect to 11 U.S.C. Sec. 362(a). The issue we must decide is whether Wilson has stated a cause of action under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 525.
Since this is an appeal from a dismissal for failure to state a claim under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) and Rule 712 of the Bankruptcy Rules, we treat all of Wilson's allegations in the complaint as true. United Independent Flight Officers v. United Air Lines, 756 F.2d 1262, 1264 (7th Cir.1985). We also view all allegations in the light most favorable to Wilson. Haroco, Inc. v. American National Bank and Trust Co., 747 F.2d 384, 385 (7th Cir.1984), aff'd, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 3291, 87 L.Ed.2d 437 (1985).
Section 525(a) provides, in relevant part, as follows:
A governmental unit 1 may not ... terminate the employment of, or discriminate with respect to employment against, a person that is or has been a debtor under this title ... solely because such bankrupt or debtor is or has been a debtor under this title, or a bankrupt or debtor under the Bankruptcy Act, ... or has not paid a debt that is dischargeable in the case under this title or that was discharged under the Bankruptcy Act.
The legislative history accompanying Sec. 525 indicates that, as enacted, the section codifies the result in Perez v. Campbell, 402 U.S. 637, 91 S.Ct. 1704, 29 L.Ed.2d 233 (1971). In Perez, the Court held that a state may not suspend the driver's license of a debtor whose tort judgment resulting from an automobile collision was discharged. The Court found that the state financial responsibility statute was in conflict with the "fresh start" policy of the Bankruptcy Act. Id. at 652, 91 S.Ct. at 1712.
Wilson concedes that a literal reading of 11 U.S.C. Sec. 525 "[a] governmental unit may not ..." indicates that Congress did not intend it to apply to private employers. She argues, however, that Congress gave the courts discretion to extend Sec. 525 to private employers. Wilson relies on legislative history accompanying Sec. 525 which states that H.R.Rep. No. 595, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 366-7 (1977), reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 5963, 6323; S.Rep. No. 989, 95th Cong.2d Sess. 81 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 5787, 5867.
Wilson relies on In re Heath, 3 B.R. 351, 353 n. 1 (Bkrtcy.N.D.Ill.1980), where the court acknowledged that section 525 could be extended to include private employers. The statement in Heath, however, was dictum: the case involved the application of Sec. 525 to a state university. Wilson also cites In re Terry, 7 B.R. 880 (Bkrtcy.E.D.Va.1980), where the court noted that courts generally take a dim view of a private employer firing an employee simply because he or she has filed a petition in bankruptcy. The court further stated that the jurisdiction to enjoin this is widely accepted. But Terry did not mention Sec. 525 and ultimately concluded that the employee was discharged for reasons other than filing for bankruptcy. Thus, the cases Wilson relies upon did not apply Sec. 525 to a private entity.
A few recent cases have suggested that Sec. 525 should be construed to apply to private entities. In re Olson, 38 B.R. 515, 519 (Bkrtcy.N.D.Iowa 1984) ( ); Matter of Green, 29 B.R. 682, 686 (Bkrtcy.S.D.Ohio 1983) ( ); In re Parkman, 27 B.R. 460, 462 (Bkrtcy.N.D.Ill.1983) ( ); Bell v. Citizens Fidelity Bank & Trust Co., 636 F.2d 1119 (6th Cir.1980) ( ) But see id. at 1120 (Weick, J., dissenting).
Nevertheless, the majority of courts have rejected applying Sec. 525 to private entities prior to 1984. See In re Amidon, 22 B.R. 457 (Bkrtcy.D.Mass.1982) ( ); In re Barbee, 14 B.R. 733, 736 (Bkrtcy.E.D.Va.1981) ( ); In re Coachlight Dinner Theatre of Nanuet, Inc., 8 B.R. 657, 658 (Bkrtcy.S.D.N.Y.1981) ( ); In re Northern Energy Products, 7 B.R. 473, 474 (Bkrtcy.C.D.Minn.1980) ( ); In re Douglas, 18 B.R. 813, 815 (Bkrtcy.W.D.Tenn.1982) ( ). See also Matter of Jackson, 424 F.2d 1220, 1222 (7th Cir.), cert. denied 400 U.S. 911, 91 S.Ct. 145, 27 L.Ed.2d 150 (1970) ( ); McLellan v. Mississippi Power & Light Co., 545 F.2d 919, 929-30 (5th Cir.1977) (en banc) ( ); Marshall v. District of Columbia Government, 559 F.2d 726, 729 (D.C.Cir.1977) ( ).
We agree with the majority's interpretation of the statute. Congress carefully considered extending the anti-discrimination section to private entities and purposefully rejected it as being overbroad. Where the terms of the statute are unambiguous, reliance on legislative history is inappropriate, absent rare and exceptional circumstances. Pullman-Standard v. I.C.C., 705 F.2d 875, 879 (7th Cir.1983). Section 525 is specifically worded to apply to governmental units. The Bank is clearly not a governmental unit. We cannot find a cause of action under Sec. 525 when Congress has expressly declined to provide one.
Moreover, Congress amended Sec. 525 in 1984 to provide that the prohibitions in Sec. 525(a) now apply to private, as well as public,...
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