Winfrey v. NLMP, Inc.

• Decision Date: 13 March 2012
• Docket Number: No. 06A01–1103–PL–132.,06A01–1103–PL–132.
• Parties: Ralph WINFREY, Appellant–Plaintiff–Cross–Appellee, v. NLMP, INC. and Witham Health Services, Appellees–Defendants–Cross–Appellants.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

963 N.E.2d 609

Ralph WINFREY, Appellant–Plaintiff–Cross–Appellee,

v.NLMP, INC. and Witham Health Services, Appellees–Defendants–Cross–Appellants.

No. 06A01–1103–PL–132.

Court of Appeals of Indiana.

March 13, 2012.

James E. Ayers, Wernle, Ristine & Ayers, Crawfordsville, IN, Attorney for Appellants.

Christopher L. Riegler, Kimberly A. Emil, Hall, Render, Killian, Heath & Lyman, P.C., Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellees.

OPINION

BRADFORD, Judge.

Appellant–Plaintiff–Cross–Appellee Ralph Winfrey appeals from the trial court's entry of summary judgment in favor of Appellees–Defendants–Cross–Appellants NLMP, Inc., and Witham Health Services (“Appellees”). Appellees cross-appeal, contending that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the submission of certain designated evidence. We reverse and remand.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

NLMP owns a building at 2485 North Lebanon Street in Lebanon and leases space to Witham, who operates a medical office within. On October 6, 2006, Winfrey attended a physician's appointment in the building and parked in the provided parking lot. Directly adjacent to the parking lot is a sidewalk, on the other side of which is a grassy embankment leading down to a retention pond. The property contained no signage, fencing, curbs, or other devices to alert visitors to the proximity of the pond to the parking lot. Winfrey returned to his pickup truck only to find that another vehicle had parked such that he could not enter on the driver's side and could not simply pull forward out of the spot.

Winfrey backed his truck over the sidewalk, apparently in an attempt to maneuver his truck into a position to be able to drive around the other vehicle. When Winfrey shifted back into forward gear, his tires could not gain any purchase on the embankment and his truck slid backward into the retention pond. Winfrey was able to escape his flooding truck through the driver's side window. Afterward, Winfrey experienced muscle and ligature pain in his legs and knees and back pain.

On October 2, 2008, Winfrey filed a complaint against Appellees for negligence, seeking damages for medical costs and pain and suffering and reimbursement for the loss of the truck. On June 30, 2010, Appellees filed a summary judgment motion. On November 18, 2010, Winfrey filed a response to Appellees' summary judgment motion, to which he attached an affidavit from Tip A. Bruce Scott, an architect who visited the scene of the accident on August 25, 2010. Based on his observations, Scott averred that there were several precautions that might have prevented Winfrey's loss, had they been taken. On February 4, 2011, Appellees filed a motion to strike Scott's affidavit. The trial court denied Appellees' motion to strike but granted their summary judgment motion on February 4, 2011.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

I. Whether the Trial Court Erred in Granting Summary Judgment to Appellees

A. Summary Judgment Standard of Review

When reviewing the grant or denial of a summary judgment motion, we apply the same standard as the trial court. Merchs. Nat'l Bank v. Simrell's Sports Bar & Grill, Inc., 741 N.E.2d 383, 386 (Ind.Ct.App.2000). Summary judgment is appropriate only where the evidence shows there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Id.; Ind. Trial Rule 56(C). All facts and reasonable inferences drawn from those facts are construed in favor of the nonmoving party. Id. To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, a party must demonstrate that the undisputed material facts negate at least one element of the other party's claim. Id. Once the moving party has met this burden with a prima facie showing, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to establish that a genuine issue does in fact exist. Id. The party appealing the summary judgment bears the burden of persuading us that the trial court erred. Id.

B. Negligence in General

To prevail on a theory of negligence, a plaintiff must prove: (1) that the defendant owed plaintiff a duty; (2) that it breached the duty; and (3) that plaintiff's injury was proximately caused by the breach. Dennis v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 831 N.E.2d 171, 173 (Ind.Ct.App.2005), trans. denied. Summary judgment is rarely appropriate in negligence cases because they are particularly fact sensitive and are governed by a standard of the objective reasonable person, which is best applied by a jury after hearing all the evidence. Rhodes v. Wright, 805 N.E.2d 382, 387 (Ind.2004). Nonetheless, summary judgment is appropriate when the undisputed material evidence negates one element of a negligence claim. Id. at 385. Whether a defendant owes a duty of care to a plaintiff is a question of law for the court to decide. N. Ind. Pub. Serv. Co. v. Sharp, 790 N.E.2d 462, 466 (Ind.2003).Ill. Bulk Carrier, Inc. v. Jackson, 908 N.E.2d 248, 253 (Ind.Ct.App.2009), trans. denied.

C. Nature of Duty of Landowner to Visitor

The central questions in this case seem to be the nature of Appellees' duty to Winfrey, who was on Appellees' property to attend a doctor's appointment, and whether that duty was breached.

In Indiana, the status of a person when he is injured on the premises of another determines the duty owed to that person by the owner of the property. Barbre v. Indianapolis Water Co. (1980), Ind.App., 400 N.E.2d 1142. A person entering the land of another is either a trespasser, a licensee or an invitee. Burrell v. Meads (1991), Ind., 569 N.E.2d 637. A landowner owes a trespasser the duty to refrain from willfully or wantonly injuring him after discovering his presence and owes a licensee the duty to refrain from willfully or wantonly injuring him or acting in a manner to increase his peril. Id. However, a landowner owes an invitee a duty to exercise reasonable care for the invitee's protection while the invitee is on the landowner's premises. Id.

Markle v. Hacienda Mexican Rest., 570 N.E.2d 969, 972 (Ind.Ct.App.1991). “Under Indiana law, an invitee is a person who goes onto the land of another at the express or implied invitation of owner or occupant either to transact business or for the mutual benefit of invitee and owner or occupant.” Id. at 971. “A licensee is one who enters premises of another for his own convenience, curiosity, or entertainment.” Id.

All agree that Winfrey first entered Appellees' property as an invitee. The question is whether Winfrey's actions following his doctor's appointment transformed him into a licensee, lowering Appellees' standard of care to him. “[E]ven though a visitor may be an invitee when he comes on to the property, his status may change to that of a licensee while he is on the premises if the use to which he puts the property does not correspond to the owner's reason for holding the property open.” Id. at 974. As a general rule, “[a] person's status on the land, along with the duty owed, is a matter left for determination by the trial court, not the jury.” Dunifon v. Iovino, 665 N.E.2d 51, 55 (Ind.Ct.App.1996), trans. denied.

We conclude that the designated evidence establishes as a matter of law that Winfrey was an invitee. As the Markle court stated,

“An invitation to come on premises for one purpose does not invite entry for all purposes. The status of an invitee continues only as long as he is using the premises for a purpose reasonably intended by the invitation, and when used for another purpose the invitee loses the status of invitee. The invitee must use the owner's premises in the usual, ordinary, and customary way.

“The inviter is under a duty to keep the premises which are within the scope of the invitation safe for all uses by the invitee, and he is not bound to keep them safe for uses which are outside the scope and purpose of the invitation, for which the property was not designed, and which could not reasonably have been anticipated, except where he is present and actively co-operates with the invitee in the particular use of the premises.”

Markle, 570 N.E.2d at 974–75 (quoting 65 C.J.S. Negligence § 63(52) (1966), emphases in Markle ).

There is no question that parking in the parking lot of a doctor's office is activity within the scope of an invitation to a doctor's appointment, as is leaving that parking space after the appointment. There is no indication in the record that Winfrey was attempting to do anything other than pull out of his parking spot and leave. We conclude that no reasonable jury could find that Winfrey's actions, however unusual they may have been due to his being blocked in, were outside the scope of the invitation. We therefore conclude that Winfrey never lost his status as an invitee as a matter of law.

D. Breach of Duty

Appellees also contend that there is no genuine issue of material fact regarding whether they breached their duty to him. “The question of the breach of a duty is usually one for the trier of fact.” Cox v. Paul, 828 N.E.2d 907, 911 (Ind.2005). “However, if any reasonable jury would conclude that a specific standard of care was or was not breached, the question of breach becomes a question of law for the court.” Id. at 912.

Appellees contend that Winfrey's truck sliding into the retention pond was not reasonably foreseeable so there was no duty, as a matter of law, to warn him of such a possibility. “A landowner owes an invitee a duty to exercise reasonable care for the invitee's protection while the invitee is on the landowner's premises.” Markle, 570 N.E.2d at 972. The Indiana Supreme Court has elaborated on this duty as follows:

A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused to his invitees by a condition on the land, but only if, he (a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the condition, and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitees, and (b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, or will fail to protect themselves against it, and (c) fails to...