Wright-Bey v. State, WRIGHT-BE

• Citation: 444 N.W.2d 772
• Decision Date: 23 May 1989
• Docket Number: No. 88-17,A,WRIGHT-BE,88-17
• Parties: Duane Eddiepplicant-Appellant, v. STATE of Iowa, Resister-Appellee.
• Court: Court of Appeals of Iowa

Page 772

444 N.W.2d 772

Duane Eddie WRIGHT-BEY, Applicant-Appellant, v. STATE of Iowa, Resister-Appellee.

No. 88-17.

Court of Appeals of Iowa.

May 23, 1989.

Stephen J. Rapp, Waterloo, for applicant-appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Atty. Gen., Sarah J. Coats, Asst. Atty. Gen., and Scott Lemke, Asst. County Atty., for resister-appellee.

Considered by SCHLEGEL, P.J., and HAYDEN and SACKETT, JJ., but decided en banc.

SACKETT, Judge.

In this appeal from denial of postconviction relief we address the claim of defendant, a black man, he was denied effective assistance of counsel because his trial attorney failed to challenge the State's peremptory challenges which excluded the only two nonwhite persons from the jury panel. Because we find defendant has failed to meet his burden of showing if the challenge had been made there was a reasonable probability the outcome of his trial would have been different, we affirm his conviction.

Defendant in 1984 was tried and convicted of first-degree murder. His postconviction challenge deals exclusively with the jury selection procedure. The parties agree the jury selection process proceeded as follows: The names of thirty-two persons were drawn as jurors. No one was excused for cause. The State had ten strikes and the defendant had ten strikes. Of the thirty-two persons on the panel, two were nonwhites. One nonwhite was a woman of Korean ancestry and the second was a black man. Two of the ten State's strikes were used to strike the woman of Korean ancestry and the black man. No challenge was made to the jury selection procedure.

Two persons testified at the postconviction proceedings. Defendant's trial attorney testified in his behalf and the former Black Hawk County Attorney who handled defendant's trial testified for the State. Defendant also introduced the report of an investigator who had identified the race of the thirty-two persons drawn as jurors.

Defendant's trial attorney testified he had been involved in criminal defense work in Black Hawk County since 1975. During some of that period he was involved to an extensive degree and at other times he was involved to a lesser degree in the defense of persons charged with criminal offenses. He had represented defendants in at least three murder trials and had considerable involvement in other cases, including a number of Class A felonies. In the course of his exposure to the criminal practice in Black Hawk County, he was only aware of one time when a black served as a juror in a criminal trial and the black who served as a juror had a brother in the Black Hawk County Attorney's office. Based on his observations, it was his opinion the Black Hawk County Attorney's office would use its strikes to strike black jurors when blacks were on the panel. He further testified there were not as many blacks on jury panels as are seen on the streets and in stores. He testified when both nonwhites were stricken from defendant's jury panel he felt it was not fair but did not object.

The former county attorney testified he generally kept notes on jury selection but his notes on the selection of this panel could not be located. No reasons were offered by him for striking the nonwhite jurors. He did not recall any black persons on the panel. He said in exercising his strikes he generally considered education, stability, prior legal difficulties and knowledge of the parties and witnesses. He said at the time of trial his office had no policy on blacks serving as jurors in Black Hawk County.

The county attorney was asked about blacks on panels. He said he never knew of more than four having their names drawn for any one trial. He was in the Black Hawk County Attorney's office for about seven years and said he had several cases where blacks served on juries.

In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 96-98, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 1716-17, 90 L.Ed.2d 69, 87-88 (1986), the U.S. Supreme Court determined a defendant establishes a prima facie case of discriminatory selection of the jury panel where (1) the defendant has shown him or herself a member of a cognizable racial group, see Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. 482, 494, 97 S.Ct. 1272, 1280, 51 L.Ed.2d 498, 510, 1280 (1977), and (2) the State's attorney has exercised peremptory challenges to remove from the jury panel members of defendant's race. Once the defendant has made these showings, the State has the burden to come forward with a neutral explanation for challenging the jurors. In Saadiq v. State, 387 N.W.2d 315 (Iowa 1986), the Iowa court applied the dictates of Batson and remanded to the trial court for a hearing to determine whether the prosecutor did or did not purposely discriminate in striking a black juror. Saadiq, 387 N.W.2d at 329.

Defendant recognizes and we find the dictates of Batson are not applicable to this challenge. In Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 328, 107 S.Ct. 708, 716, 93 L.Ed.2d 649, 661 (1987), the court determined the rule in Batson was only applicable to litigation that was pending on direct state or federal review or was not yet final when Batson was decided on April 30, 1986. See also Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989). Procedendo was filed in this case on December 5, 1985, following the denial of defendant's appeal by the Iowa Supreme Court. This appeal, therefore, is governed by the dictates of an earlier case, Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202, 85 S.Ct. 824, 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965), unlike SAADIQ, 387 N.W.2D AT 315,¹ where the issue of the jury selection was not addressed on direct appeal until May 1986.

In Garrett v. Morris, 815 F.2d 509 (8th Cir.1987), the 8th circuit was confronted with a challenge to the State of Missouri's use of peremptory challenges to exclude all black jurors from a petit jury panel at Garrett's first-degree murder trial. The court determined the dictates of Swain were applicable and clearly articulated the burden a defendant carries under Swain when they said:

Under Swain, a defendant can make out a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination on proof that the prosecutor perverted the peremptory-challenge system by using his challenges "to exclude blacks from the jury 'for reasons wholly unrelated to the outcome of the particular case on trial,' or to deny to blacks 'the same right and opportunity to participate in the administration of justice enjoyed by the white population.' " Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 1720, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), quoting Swain, 380 U.S. at 224, 85 S.Ct. at 838. Swain nevertheless does not require an inquiry into a prosecutor's reasons for exercising his challenges in any particular case, holding instead that a presumption exists that the prosecutor is using the State's challenges to obtain a fair and impartial jury. 380 U.S. at 222, 85 S.Ct. at 837. That presumption may be overcome by showing that the prosecution has systematically excluded blacks from petit juries over a period of time, id. at 223-24, 85 S.Ct. at 837-38, but a defendant cannot, under Swain, establish an equal-protection violation "solely on proof of the prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges to strike black jurors at the defendant's own trial." Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 107 S.Ct. 708, 710, 93 L.Ed.2d 649 (1987).

Garrett, 815 F.2d at 511 (emphasis added).

Additionally, a defendant can raise an inference of purposeful discrimination if he or she shows the prosecutor in the county where the trial was held "in case after case, whatever the circumstances, whatever the crime and whoever the defendant or the victim may be," has been responsible for the removal of qualified blacks who had survived challenges for cause, with the result that no blacks ever served on petit juries. Swain, 380 U.S. at 223, 85 S.Ct. at 837, 13 L.Ed.2d at 774.

In examining defendant's challenge, we start with the presumption the State used its strikes to obtain a fair and impartial jury. Swain, 380 U.S. at 222, 85 S.Ct. at 837, 13 L.Ed.2d at 773. Defendant to overcome the presumption must show the State has systematically excluded blacks from juries over a period of time. Swain, 380 U.S. at 223-24, 85 S.Ct. at 837-38, 13 L.Ed.2d at 774. Defendant contends he has done this by showing through his trial attorney the practice of the Black Hawk County attorney's office was to strike all blacks. The State argues defendant did not meet his burden because defendant's evidence did not particularly deal with the cases tried by the county attorney who prosecuted defendant.

We look at the conduct of the county attorney's office in Black Hawk County in total. The office operates under the direction of the county attorney. See Iowa Code § 331.756 (1987). The county attorney is the one in whom official discretion and power are vested and his assistants operate under his supervision and direction.

The State next contends we should discount the testimony of defendant's trial attorney because his testimony does not refer to specific cases. We find the two attorneys testifying each has had substantial contacts with criminal trials in Black Hawk County. Neither attorney named a specific trial where nonwhites served or were stricken as jurors. We find their testimony to be very similar. Both men are credible witnesses. We recognize neither has named specific cases. Identifying nonwhite jurors on other Black Hawk county panels is difficult. The racial identity of the panel members here was learned only after an investigator had made contact with each juror and/or a person or persons who knew each juror. From the testimony of both attorneys we determine situations where nonwhites have served on criminal juries in Black Hawk County have been practically nonexistent.

Having found few nonwhites to have served on jury panels in Black Hawk County, we must decide whether defendant has shown this exclusion is the result of the State's systematic exclusion of nonwhites over a period of time. See Swain, 380 U.S. at 223-24, 85 S.Ct....